{"id":138,"date":"2017-02-10T23:53:42","date_gmt":"2017-02-10T23:53:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/webliteracy\/chapter\/finding-high-quality-secondary-sources\/"},"modified":"2020-03-17T19:53:07","modified_gmt":"2020-03-17T19:53:07","slug":"finding-high-quality-secondary-sources","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/webliteracy\/chapter\/finding-high-quality-secondary-sources\/","title":{"raw":"Finding High Quality Secondary Sources","rendered":"Finding High Quality Secondary Sources"},"content":{"raw":"Let\u2019s continue with the \"alcohol is closely associated with cancer\" claim from the last chapter. Let\u2019s see if we can get a decent summary from a respected organization that deals with these issues.\n\nThis takes a bit of domain knowledge, but for information on disease, the United States\u2019s National Institutes of Health (NIH) is considered one of the leading authorities. What do they say about this issue?\n\n\"\"\n\nFigure 67<\/a>\n\nWhat we don\u2019t want here is a random article. We\u2019re not an expert and we don\u2019t want to have to guess at the weights to give individual research. We want a summary.\n\nAnd as we scan the results we see a \u201crisk fact-sheet\u201d from the National Cancer Institute. In general, domain suffixes (com\/org\/net\/etc) don\u2019t mean anything, but \u201c.gov\u201d domains are strictly regulated, so we know this is from the (U.S.) federal government. A fact sheet is a summary, which is what we want, so we click through.\n\nThis page doesn\u2019t mince words<\/a>:\n
Based on extensive reviews of research studies<\/a>, there is a strong scientific consensus of an association between alcohol<\/a> drinking and several types of cancer (1<\/a>, 2<\/a>). In its Report on Carcinogens, the National Toxicology Program of the US Department of Health and Human Services lists consumption of alcoholic beverages as a known human carcinogen<\/a>. The research evidence indicates that the more alcohol a person drinks\u2014particularly the more alcohol a person drinks regularly over time\u2014the higher his or her risk of developing an alcohol-associated cancer. Based on data from 2009, an estimated 3.5 percent of all cancer deaths in the United States (about 19,500 deaths) were alcohol related (3<\/a>).<\/blockquote>\nWith the \u201c.gov\u201d extension, this page is pretty likely to be linked to the NIH. But just in case, we Google<\/em>\u00a0search the site to see who runs it and what their reputation is.\n\n\"\"\n\nFigure 68<\/a>\n\nSince we\u2019re reading laterally, let\u2019s click on the link five results down to see what the NIH says about the National Cancer Institute. Again, we\u2019re just sanity checking our impression that this is an authoritative body of the NIH. Here\u2019s its blurb from the fifth result down<\/a>:\n
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is one of 11 agencies that compose the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The NCI, established under the National Cancer Institute Act of 1937, is the Federal Government's principal agency for cancer research and training.<\/blockquote>\nAs always, we glance up to the web address and make sure we are really getting this information from the NIH. We are.\n\nIf we were a researcher, we would sort through more of this. We might review individual articles or make sure that some more out-of-the-mainstream views are not being ignored. Such an effort would take a deep background and understanding of the underlying issues. But we\u2019re not researchers. We\u2019re just people looking to find out if our rationalization for those two after-work drinks is maybe a bit bogus. And on that level, it\u2019s not looking particularly good for us. We have a major review of the evidence in a major journal stating there\u2019s really no safe level of drinking when it comes to cancer, and we have the NIH--one of the most trusted sources of health information in the U.S. (and not exactly a fad-chaser) telling us in an FAQ that there is a strong consensus that alcohol consumption predicts cancer.","rendered":"

Let\u2019s continue with the “alcohol is closely associated with cancer” claim from the last chapter. Let\u2019s see if we can get a decent summary from a respected organization that deals with these issues.<\/p>\n

This takes a bit of domain knowledge, but for information on disease, the United States\u2019s National Institutes of Health (NIH) is considered one of the leading authorities. What do they say about this issue?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 67<\/a><\/p>\n

What we don\u2019t want here is a random article. We\u2019re not an expert and we don\u2019t want to have to guess at the weights to give individual research. We want a summary.<\/p>\n

And as we scan the results we see a \u201crisk fact-sheet\u201d from the National Cancer Institute. In general, domain suffixes (com\/org\/net\/etc) don\u2019t mean anything, but \u201c.gov\u201d domains are strictly regulated, so we know this is from the (U.S.) federal government. A fact sheet is a summary, which is what we want, so we click through.<\/p>\n

This page doesn\u2019t mince words<\/a>:<\/p>\n

Based on extensive reviews of research studies<\/a>, there is a strong scientific consensus of an association between alcohol<\/a> drinking and several types of cancer (1<\/a>, 2<\/a>). In its Report on Carcinogens, the National Toxicology Program of the US Department of Health and Human Services lists consumption of alcoholic beverages as a known human carcinogen<\/a>. The research evidence indicates that the more alcohol a person drinks\u2014particularly the more alcohol a person drinks regularly over time\u2014the higher his or her risk of developing an alcohol-associated cancer. Based on data from 2009, an estimated 3.5 percent of all cancer deaths in the United States (about 19,500 deaths) were alcohol related (3<\/a>).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

With the \u201c.gov\u201d extension, this page is pretty likely to be linked to the NIH. But just in case, we Google<\/em>\u00a0search the site to see who runs it and what their reputation is.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 68<\/a><\/p>\n

Since we\u2019re reading laterally, let\u2019s click on the link five results down to see what the NIH says about the National Cancer Institute. Again, we\u2019re just sanity checking our impression that this is an authoritative body of the NIH. Here\u2019s its blurb from the fifth result down<\/a>:<\/p>\n

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is one of 11 agencies that compose the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The NCI, established under the National Cancer Institute Act of 1937, is the Federal Government’s principal agency for cancer research and training.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

As always, we glance up to the web address and make sure we are really getting this information from the NIH. We are.<\/p>\n

If we were a researcher, we would sort through more of this. We might review individual articles or make sure that some more out-of-the-mainstream views are not being ignored. Such an effort would take a deep background and understanding of the underlying issues. But we\u2019re not researchers. We\u2019re just people looking to find out if our rationalization for those two after-work drinks is maybe a bit bogus. And on that level, it\u2019s not looking particularly good for us. We have a major review of the evidence in a major journal stating there\u2019s really no safe level of drinking when it comes to cancer, and we have the NIH–one of the most trusted sources of health information in the U.S. (and not exactly a fad-chaser) telling us in an FAQ that there is a strong consensus that alcohol consumption predicts cancer.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-138","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":103,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/webliteracy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/138","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/webliteracy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/webliteracy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/webliteracy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/webliteracy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/138\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":139,"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/webliteracy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/138\/revisions\/139"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/webliteracy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/103"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/webliteracy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/138\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/webliteracy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=138"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/webliteracy\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=138"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/webliteracy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=138"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/webliteracy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=138"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}