{"id":888,"date":"2021-12-17T21:55:49","date_gmt":"2021-12-17T21:55:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/testcloneglossaryterms\/chapter\/14-glaciers\/"},"modified":"2022-05-18T14:11:28","modified_gmt":"2022-05-18T14:11:28","slug":"14-glaciers","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/testcloneglossaryterms\/chapter\/14-glaciers\/","title":{"raw":"14 Glaciers","rendered":"14 Glaciers"},"content":{"raw":"[caption id=\"attachment_3527\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/GNP5-scaled.jpg\"><img class=\"size-large wp-image-3527\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2021\/12\/GNP5-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"The valley is circular and filled with a lake.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\"><\/a> Avalanche Lake in Glacier National Park, Montana is an example of a glacially-carved cirque.[\/caption]\n<h1>14 Glaciers<\/h1>\n<b>KEY CONCEPTS<\/b>\n\n<b>At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:<\/b>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Differentiate the different types of [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] and contrast them with\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sea\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ice<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">bergs<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:60,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[360,360],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0,8]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Describe how [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] form, move, and create landforms <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:60,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[360,360],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0,8]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Describe [pb_glossary id=\"1522\"]glacial budget[\/pb_glossary]; describe the zones of accumulation, equilibrium, and melting<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:60,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[360,360],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0,8]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Identify [pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] erosional and depositional landforms and interpret their origin<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">;\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">describe [pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] lakes<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Describe the history and causes of past [pb_glossary id=\"747\"]glaciations[\/pb_glossary] and their relationship to [pb_glossary id=\"757\"]climate[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sea-level changes<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, and [pb_glossary id=\"754\"]isostatic rebound[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[360,360],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0,8]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">he<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0Earth\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1746\"]cryosphere[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">has\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">unique\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">set of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">erosional and depositional features<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0compared to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">it<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1744\"]hydrosphere[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0or liquid water.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">This ice exists primarily in two forms<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0and icebergs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]Glaciers[\/pb_glossary] are l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">arge accumulations of <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">that exist year-round\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">on\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">land<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\"> surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW248666092 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">In contrast,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">asses <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">ice <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">floating on the ocean <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">icebergs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">, although they may have had their origin in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW248666092 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">Glaciers<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">cover about 10% of\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW228356003\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">Earth's <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0and are powerful erosional agents that sculpt the planet\u2019s surface.<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">These enormous masses of ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">usually form <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">in mountainous areas that <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">experience\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">cold temperatures and high<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">precipitation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">. Glaciers <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">also occur in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">low<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">lying areas<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\"> such as Greenland and Antarctica<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0that remain extremely cold year-round<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.1 <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW218826232\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW218826232\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW218826232\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 DefaultHighlightTransition SCXW218826232\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"heading 2\">Glacier<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW218826232\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW218826232\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW218826232\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW218826232\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"heading 2\"> Formation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_3529\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"443\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/640px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-843\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/640px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.jpg\" alt=\"Glacier in the Bernese Alps. A thick sheet of ice filling an alpine valley with lines of sediment (medial moraine).\" width=\"443\" height=\"332\"><\/a> Glacier in the Bernese Alps.[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW228356003\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]Glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">form when repeated annual <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">snow<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">fall accumulates <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">deep layers of snow that are not completely melted in the summer<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">. Thus there is an accumulation of snow that<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\"> builds up into deep layers<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">. <strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">P<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><strong>erennial snow<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">is a snow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">accumulat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ion <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">lasts all year<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW42987865 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">thin accumulation<\/span><\/span><\/span> of <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">p<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">erennial snow <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">is <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">a snow field<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">Over repeated seasons of perennial snow, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the snow settles, compacts, and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1781\"]bonds[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">with underlying\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">layers. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">amount of void space\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">between the snow grains\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">diminishes.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">As <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the old\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">snow gets buried by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">more\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">new\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW42987865 BCX0\">snow,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the older\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">snow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">layers <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">compact<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"> into\u00a0<\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW42987865 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1520\"]firn[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">or<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW42987865 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1520\"]n\u00e9v\u00e9[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">a granular mass <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">of ice crystals<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">As <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW42987865 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1520\"]firn[\/pb_glossary] continues to be<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">buri<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">compress<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">recrystalliz<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">es<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">void space<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">become smaller<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"> and the ice becomes less porous,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ventually turn<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"> into [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">Solid<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">g<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">lacial<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">still retains <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">a fair amount of void space<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"> and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0that<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2420\"]traps[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">air. T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">hese\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">mall air pockets <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">provide <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">record<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0of the past<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1745\"]atmosphere[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"1909\"]composition[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW42987865 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">There are three<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">general <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">types<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\"> a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">lpine or [pb_glossary id=\"1518\"]valley glaciers[\/pb_glossary],\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary], and ice caps.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">Most<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1517\"]alpine glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">are located in the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">world\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">major mountain ranges such as the Andes, Rockies, Alps, and Himalayas<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">, usually occupying long, narrow valleys.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0A<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">lpine [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] may also form at lower elevations<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">in areas that receive high annual [pb_glossary id=\"1785\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary] such as the Olympic Peninsula in Washi<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">ngton state<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3530\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"369\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.1_Greenland.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-844\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.1_Greenland-300x198.jpg\" alt=\"Greenland ice sheet.\" width=\"369\" height=\"243\"><\/a> Greenland ice sheet.[\/caption]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3531\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"266\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-845\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-601x1024.png\" alt=\"Map showing maximum thickness of Greenland ice sheet around 3000 meters.\" width=\"266\" height=\"453\"><\/a> Thickness of Greenland ice sheet in meters (Source: Eric Gaba).[\/caption]\n\nI<span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">ce sheets<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">also called<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">[pb_glossary id=\"1653\"]continental[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\"> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75776369 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\">form across <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75776369 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\">millions\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75776369 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\">of <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">square\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">kilo<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">meters\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">of land\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">thousands of meters thick<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">Earth\u2019s <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">largest\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">[pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0are located\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">on\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">Greenland and Antarctica. The Greenland<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">[pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]Ice Sheet[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">is the largest\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">ice mass in the Northern Hemisphere with <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">an extensive\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">surface area\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">of over 2 million\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">sq\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">km\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">1,242,700 sq<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">mi<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">)\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">an\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">average\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">thickness\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">up to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">00 m<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">eters<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">00 ft, almost a mile<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">[1].<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">The Antarctic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]Ice Sheet[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">eve<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">n <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">larger and covers almost the entire<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1653\"]continent[\/pb_glossary]. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">The\u00a0<\/span>thickest parts\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">of the Antarctic [pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]ice sheet[\/pb_glossary] <\/span>are over\u00a04,000 m<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">eters thick<\/span>\u00a0(<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">&gt;<\/span>13,000 ft or 2.5 mi)<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">. <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">It<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">s weight\u00a0<\/span>depresses the Antarctic\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1023\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">to\u00a0<\/span>below sea level in many places. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">The\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">cross-sectional <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">diagram\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">comparing\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">the Greenland and Antarctica\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">illustrates the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">size\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">difference between\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">the two<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3532\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"420\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.2_Steve-Earle_antarctic-greenland-2-300x128-1.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-846\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Steve-Earle_antarctic-greenland-2-300x128-1.png\" alt=\"Cross-sectional view showing that the Antarctica ice sheet is much larger than the Greenland ice sheet (Source: Steve Earle).\" width=\"420\" height=\"179\"><\/a> Cross-sectional view of both Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets drawn to scale for size comparison (Source: Steve Earle)[\/caption]\n\nIce cap [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] are smaller versions of [pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary] that cover less than 50,000 km<sup>2<\/sup> and usually occupy higher elevations and may cover tops of mountains. There are several ice caps on Iceland. A small ice cap called Snow [pb_glossary id=\"507\"]Dome[\/pb_glossary] is near Mt. Olympus on the Olympic Peninsula in the state of Washington.\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3534\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"351\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-847\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap-300x198.png\" alt=\"Snow Dome ice cap\" width=\"351\" height=\"232\"><\/a> Snow Dome ice cap near Mt. Olympus, Washington[\/caption]<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3533\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-848\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland-300x232.jpg\" alt=\"Vatnaj\u00f6kull ice cap in Iceland\" width=\"300\" height=\"232\"><\/a> Vatnaj\u00f6kull ice cap in Iceland[\/caption]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n&nbsp;\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3535\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"347\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-849\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet-617x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Maximum extent of Laurentide ice sheet\" width=\"347\" height=\"576\"><\/a> Maximum extent of Laurentide ice sheet[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">he\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">figure shows the size of the ancient <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">Laurentide<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">[pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]Ice Sheet[\/pb_glossary] in the Northern Hemisphere.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0This<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">[pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]ice sheet[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">was\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">present during <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW90772545\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">ast<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">g<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">lacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">aximum<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0event<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">also know<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0as the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">ast<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">ce\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">A<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">ge.<\/span><\/span>\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n\n&nbsp;\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"94\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4766\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-850\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.1 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h2>14. 2 Glacier Movement<\/h2>\n<table class=\"no-lines landscape aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 348px\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 333px\">\n<td style=\"width: 830.298px;height: 333px\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3536\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"440\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/640px-Chevron_Crevasses_00.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-851\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/640px-Chevron_Crevasses_00-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Deep cracks in the surface of glacial ice\" width=\"440\" height=\"294\"><\/a> Glacial crevasses.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 348.168px;height: 333px\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3537\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"225\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Glaciereaston.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-852\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Glaciereaston.jpg\" alt=\"Cravasse on the Easton Glacier in the North Cascades\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\"><\/a> Cravasse on the Easton Glacier in the North Cascades[\/caption]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">As the ice accumulates, it begins to flow downward under its own weight<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW198720697\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">In <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">1948<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">glaciologist<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">installed hollow vertical rods\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">into the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW198720697\">Jungfraufirn<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]Glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">in the Swiss Alps to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">measure<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">changes in its\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">movement <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">over two years.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>This study showed that the ice at the surface was fairly rigid and ice within the [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] was actually flowing downhill. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW148676570\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">cross-sectional\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">diagram of an alpine (valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">) <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">shows that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">the rate of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">movement\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">is <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">slow near the bottom, and fastest\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">n the middle with the top ice being carried along on the ice below.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">One of the unique properties of ice is that it <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">melts under pressure<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span>About half of the overall [pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] movement was from sliding on a film of meltwater along the [pb_glossary id=\"1023\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary] surface and half from internal flow<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW75949138 BCX0\">Ice near the surface of the [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">is rigid<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0and [pb_glossary id=\"1661\"]brittle[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">to a depth of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">about<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a050 m (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">165 ft<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW75949138 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">In t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">his\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1661\"]brittle[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">zone<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">large\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">cracks<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">called<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1521\"]crevasses[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">form\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">on the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">moving\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">. These<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1521\"]crevasses[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">can be covered and hidden by a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">snow bridge and are<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">hazard for<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">travelers.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW75949138 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3538\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"451\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-853\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress-300x130.png\" alt=\"Cross-section of a glacier shows upper part of the glacier moving en masse and breaking in a brittle fashion while the lower part flows ductiley.\" width=\"451\" height=\"195\"><\/a> Cross-section of a valley glacier showing stress (red numbers) increase with depth under the ice. The ice will deform and flow where the stress is greater than 100 kilopascals, and the relative extent of that deformation is depicted by the red arrows. Down slope movement is shown with blue arrows. The upper ice above the red dashed line does not flow but is pushed along en masse. (Source: Steve Earle)[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">Below the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">brittle<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW140842140 BCX0\">zone, <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">the pressure\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">typically exceed<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">100 kilopascals (<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">Pa)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0which is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">approximately 100,000 times atmospheric pressure<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">. Under this applied force<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">the ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\"> no longer breaks,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">but rather\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">it\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">bends or flows in a zone called the <strong>plastic zone<\/strong>. This <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">plastic zone\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">represents the great majority of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">ice<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">. The plastic zone<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">contains a fair amount of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1756\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\"> of various grades from <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">boulders\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">silt and clay. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">As th<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">e bottom of the [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] slides <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">and grinds\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">across the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1023\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">, these [pb_glossary id=\"1756\"]sediments[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW140842140 BCX0\">ct as grinding agents<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">and <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0create <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">zone of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">significant\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1755\"]erosion[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW140842140 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n&nbsp;\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"95\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4767\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-854\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.2 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.3 Glacial Budget<\/span><\/h2>\n[caption id=\"attachment_3539\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"434\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.3_ice-flow-2.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-855\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.3_ice-flow-2-300x140.png\" alt=\"A glacier flows downhill as a thick sheet of ice. Cross-sectional view of an alpine glacier showing internal flow lines, zone of accumulation, snow line, and zone of melting.\" width=\"434\" height=\"202\"><\/a> Cross-sectional view of an alpine glacier showing internal flow lines, zone of accumulation, snow line, and zone of melting (Earle 2015).[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">glaci<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">al budget\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">is like a bank account<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">with the ice being the existing balance.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">f there is more income<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">snow accumulat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0in winter<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\"> than expense<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0(snow and ice <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">melt<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0in summer<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">, then the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">budget\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">shows\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">grow<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">th<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">A positive or negative balance of ice in the overall\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">[pb_glossary id=\"1522\"]glacial budget[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">determines whether a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">advances or retreats<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">, respectively<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW183482521\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">he\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">area<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">where\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">balance\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">is growing\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">is called the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">[pb_glossary id=\"1523\"]zone of accumulation[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">. The area where ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">balance is shrinking<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0is called the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">zone of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">ablation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">The diagram shows these two zones and the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">equilibrium<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0line.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">In the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1523\"]zone of accumulation[\/pb_glossary], the s<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">now<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"> accumulation\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">rate <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">exceeds\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">the <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">snow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">melting<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"> rate <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">the ice surface is always covered with snow.<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">The equilibrium line<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW176016807 BCX0\">also called the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1525\"]snowline[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW176016807 BCX0\">firnline<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"> marks the boundary between the zones of accumulation and ablation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">Below the equilibrium line<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">in the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">zone of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">ablation<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">the melting rate exceeds\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">snow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">accumulation<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0leaving\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">bare ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">surface exposed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">The position of the firnline changes during the season and from year to year as a <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2172\"]reflection[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">a positive or negative ice <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">balance\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">in the [pb_glossary id=\"1522\"]glacial budget[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">O<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">f the<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0two variables<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0affecting\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]'s budget<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">winter accumulation and <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">summer melt<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">summer melt\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">matters most<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0to a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]\u2019s budget<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">. Cool summers promote<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">advance and warm summers promote<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW176016807 BCX0\">retreat<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW176016807 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW176016807 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3540\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"412\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/512px-Geirangerfjord_6-2007.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-856\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/512px-Geirangerfjord_6-2007.jpg\" alt=\"Water-filled valley with steep side walls.\" width=\"412\" height=\"614\"><\/a> Fjord[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW210115115 BCX0\">If\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">a handful of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">warmer summers promote<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">retreat, then <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">global\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"757\"]climate[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">warming over <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">decades and centuries\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">will accelerate <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">glaci<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">al\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">melting and retreat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\"> even faster<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">lobal<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">warming<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">due\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW210115115 BCX0\">to human<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0burning\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2414\"]fossil fuels[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">is <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">causing the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">lose\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">in years, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">an amount of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">mass<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">that would normally\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">take<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">centuries<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">. Current g<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">lacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">melting is<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">contributing <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">to rising sea<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW210115115 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">faster <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">than\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">expected based on previous history.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW210115115 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW52554204 BCX0\">As<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">Antarctica and Greenland<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary] melt<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0during global<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0warming<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">they become thinner or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW52554204 BCX0\">deflate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">he<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">edges of the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">break off\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">and fall\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">to the ocean,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0a process called\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1526\"]calving[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">, becoming floating icebergs. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2295\"]fjord[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">is<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">steep-walled valley flooded with sea water.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">The narrow shape of a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2295\"]fjord[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">has been\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">carved out by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">a <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\"> during a cooler [pb_glossary id=\"757\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"1244\"]period[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">. During a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">warming trend<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] meltwater <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">may\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">raise<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\"> the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">sea level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">in [pb_glossary id=\"2295\"]fjords[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">flood <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">former<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">ly dry\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">valleys <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"FindHit SCXW52554204 BCX0\">[<\/span>8,<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\">9]<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]Glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">retreat and deflation\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">well illustrated in the 2009 TED Talk by James Balog.<\/span><\/span>\n<div style=\"max-width: 640\">\n<div style=\"height: 0;padding-bottom: 56%\">\n\n[embed]https:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/james_balog_time_lapse_proof_of_extreme_ice_loss[\/embed]\n\n<\/div>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4777\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-857\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this video via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"96\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4768\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-858\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.3 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.4 Glacial Landforms<\/span><\/h2>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">Both alpine and [pb_glossary id=\"1653\"]continental[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] create <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">two categories<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">\u00a0of landforms<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">:<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\"> erosional and depositional<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW239094564 BCX0\">Erosional landforms are formed by <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">the removal of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">material.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">Depositional landforms are formed\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">addition of material<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> Because [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] were first studied by 18th and 19th century geologists in Europe, the terminology applied to [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] features contains many terms derived from European languages.<\/span>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.4.1 Erosional Glacial Landforms<\/span><\/h3>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">E<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">rosional landforms<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0are created when\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">moving\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">masses of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">ice <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW174047054\">slide\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">grind<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\"> over <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">[pb_glossary id=\"1023\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]Glacial[\/pb_glossary] ice contains\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">large amounts of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">poorly sorted <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">sand, gravel, and boulders<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">that have been\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">plucked\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">and pried\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">from the [pb_glossary id=\"1023\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">As t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">he\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] slide across the [pb_glossary id=\"1023\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary], they <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">grind these\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">[pb_glossary id=\"1756\"]sediments[\/pb_glossary] into\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">fin<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">powder<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0called <strong>rock flour<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">. Rock flour\u00a0acts\u00a0as fine grit\u00a0that polishes\u00a0the surface of the [pb_glossary id=\"1023\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0to a smooth finish\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">called<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">[pb_glossary id=\"1528\"]glacial polish[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW68865754\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\">Larger roc<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW68865754\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\">k fragments scrape<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW68865754\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\"> over the surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW68865754\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\"> creating elongated grooves called<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"1527\"]glacial striations[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n<table class=\"no-lines\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3541\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/5027919453_18b3de996d_z.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-859\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/5027919453_18b3de996d_z-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Shiny, reflective rock with aligned grooves.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\"><\/a> A polished and striated rock in Yosemite.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3542\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Glacial_striation_21149.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-860\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Glacial_striation_21149-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Smoothed polished rock with grooves abraded into them. All of the groves are aligned in the same direction.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\"><\/a> Glacial striations in Mt. Rainier National Park.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">A<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">lpine [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">produce<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0a variety\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">unique\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">erosional landforms<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">, such as U-shaped valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"1529\"]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">ar\u00eate<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"1530\"]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">cirque<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">tarn<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">[pb_glossary id=\"1531\"]horns[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">[pb_glossary id=\"1532\"]cols[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"1533\"]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">hanging valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"1534\"]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">truncated spur<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">In contrast,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\"> [pb_glossary id=\"2212\"]stream[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">-carved canyons have a V-shaped profile when viewed in cross-section. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">Glacial erosion transforms <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">former\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">V-shaped stream valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0into a U-shaped on<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">. [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]Glaciers[\/pb_glossary] are typically wider than\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"2212\"]streams[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0of similar length<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span> and since [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] tend to erode both at their bases and their sides, they erode<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span>V-shaped valleys\u00a0into\u00a0relatively flat-bottomed\u00a0broad valleys with<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span>steep sides and a distinctive <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u201c<\/span>U<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u201d<\/span>\u00a0shape. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW146244711\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW146244711\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW146244711\">As seen in the images<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW146244711\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW146244711\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW146244711\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Little Cottonwood Canyon near Salt Lake City, Utah was occupied by an [pb_glossary id=\"747\"]Ice Age[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] that extended down to the [pb_glossary id=\"1776\"]mouth[\/pb_glossary] of the canyon and into Lake Bonneville<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">Today, that<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">U-shaped valley\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">hosts <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">many erosional landforms<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\"> including<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">polished and striated rock surfaces.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">In contrast,<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">Big Cottonwood Canyon to the <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">north of Little Cottonwood Canyon<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0has\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">retained the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0V-shape in its lower p<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">ortion<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">, indicating that its<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">did not extend clear to its<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1776\"]mouth[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">but was confined to its upper p<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">ortion<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW38439977 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<table class=\"no-lines landscape aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3543\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/UshapedValleyUT.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-861 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/UshapedValleyUT-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"A valley with a u shape that shows steep cliffs on the sides and a wide-flat bottom\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\"><\/a> The U-shape of the Little Cottonwood Canyon, Utah, as it enters into the Salt Lake Valley.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3544\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/V-shaped-Big-Cottonwood.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-862 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/V-shaped-Big-Cottonwood-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Big Cottonwood Canyon showing V-shape of river carving\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\"><\/a> V-shaped Big Cottonwood Canyon, carved by river.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n[caption id=\"attachment_4796\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"413\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formacion_Valle_glaciar.gif\"><img class=\"wp-image-863\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formacion_Valle_glaciar-300x200.gif\" alt=\"By Cecilia Bernal (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons\" width=\"413\" height=\"275\"><\/a> Formation of a glacial valley. Glaciers change the shape of the valley from a \"V\" shape to a \"U\".[\/caption]<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">When\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] carve\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">two U-shaped valleys\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">adjacent to each other, the <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">ridge\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">between them <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">tends to be sharpened into a sawtooth feature <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">called an<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">[pb_glossary id=\"1529\"]ar\u00eate[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span> At the head of a glacially carved valley is a bowl-shaped feature called a <b>[pb_glossary id=\"1530\"]cirque[\/pb_glossary].<\/b> The [pb_glossary id=\"1530\"]cirque[\/pb_glossary] represents<b>\u00a0<\/b>where the head of the [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] eroded the mountain by plucking rock away from it and the weight of the thick ice eroded out a bowl. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">After the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">is gone, the bowl at the bottom of the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">[pb_glossary id=\"1530\"]cirque[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">often\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">fil<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">s with [pb_glossary id=\"1785\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary] and is <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">occupied by<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0a lake<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0called a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><strong>tarn<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0When<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">three or more mountain<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">erode h<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">eadward<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"> at their <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">[pb_glossary id=\"1530\"]cirques[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">they<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">produce<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">[pb_glossary id=\"1531\"]horns[\/pb_glossary],<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">steep-sided, spire-shaped mountains<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Low points along [pb_glossary id=\"1529\"]ar\u00eates[\/pb_glossary] or between [pb_glossary id=\"1531\"]horns[\/pb_glossary] are mountain passes termed <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"1532\"]cols[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Where a smaller [pb_glossary id=\"1774\"]tributary[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] flows into a larger trunk glacier, the smaller [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] cuts down less. Once the ice has gone, the [pb_glossary id=\"1774\"]tributary[\/pb_glossary] valley is left as a <b>[pb_glossary id=\"1533\"]hanging valley[\/pb_glossary]<\/b>, sometimes with a waterfall<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"> plung<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">ing into the main valley<\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As the trunk [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] straightens and widens a V-shaped valley and erodes the ends of side ridges<\/span>,<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a steep triangle-shaped cliff is formed called a <\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"1534\"]truncated spur[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 1px\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 1px\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3545\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"200\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Thornton_Lakes_25929.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-864\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Thornton_Lakes_25929-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"A circular area near the top of a mountain that looks as if it had been scooped out.\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\"><\/a> Cirque with Upper Thornton Lake in the North Cascades National Park, Washington. Photo by Walter Siegmund.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 1px\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3546\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"176\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.4_Kinnerly_Peak-e1496423758756.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-865\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4_Kinnerly_Peak-e1496423758756-264x300.jpg\" alt=\"A large and very pointy (almost pyramid-like) mountain\" width=\"176\" height=\"200\"><\/a> An example of a horn, Kinnerly Peak, Glacier National Park, Montana. Photo by USGS.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 1px\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3547\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"154\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Closeup_of_Bridalveil_Fall_seen_from_Tunnel_View_in_Yosemite_NP.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-866\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Closeup_of_Bridalveil_Fall_seen_from_Tunnel_View_in_Yosemite_NP-231x300.jpg\" alt=\"U-shaped valley feeding into another, lower u-shaped valley. A waterfall forms where the higher valley meet the lower valley.\" width=\"154\" height=\"200\"><\/a> Bridalveil Falls in Yosemite National Park, California, is a good example of a hanging valley.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"max-width: 500\">\n\n&nbsp;\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4770\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-867\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this interactive activity via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.4.2 Depositional Glacial Landforms<\/span><\/h3>\n&nbsp;\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3548\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"390\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Diamictite_Mineral_Fork.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-868\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Diamictite_Mineral_Fork-300x210.jpg\" alt=\"Very large boulder, dark in color, with smaller boulders &quot;floating&quot; inside of it.\" width=\"390\" height=\"273\"><\/a> Boulder of diamictite of the Mineral Fork Formation, Antelope Island, Utah, United States.[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">D<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">epositional land<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">forms and materials<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\"> a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">re\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">produced from deposits <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">left behind\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">a retreating\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW137500191 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">. All [pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] deposits are called drift. These<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">include<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW137500191 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1990\"]till[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"1535\"]tillites[\/pb_glossary],\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"1989\"]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">diamictite<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> [pb_glossary id=\"732\"]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">terminal moraine<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">, [pb_glossary id=\"733\"]recessional moraines[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"734\"]lateral moraines[\/pb_glossary],\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"735\"]medial moraines[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"736\"]ground moraines[\/pb_glossary],<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">silt, <\/span><\/span><\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"737\"]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">outwash plain<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">, [pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW137500191 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"738\"]erratics[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"739\"]kettles[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"739\"]kettle[\/pb_glossary] lak<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">es,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW137500191 BCX0\">cr<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">vasse<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"741\"]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">esker<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">kames<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"742\"]drumlins[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange CommentStart SCXW137500191 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]Glacial[\/pb_glossary] ice carries <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">a lot of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1756\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">, which when <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">deposited <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">by a melting<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">is called<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1990\"]till[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">. [pb_glossary id=\"1990\"]Till[\/pb_glossary] is<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">poorly sorted with grain sizes ranging from clay and silt to pebbles and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW103962435 BCX0\">boulders. These clasts may be<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0striated<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">Many <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">depositional landforms <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">are<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">[pb_glossary id=\"1909\"]composed[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">[pb_glossary id=\"1990\"]till[\/pb_glossary].\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">The term <strong>t<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">illite<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\"> refers to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">ithified rock<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\"> having\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">origin<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW103962435 BCX0\">Diamicti<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW103962435 BCX0\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW103962435 BCX0\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">refer<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">lithified rock that contains <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">wide range of clast sizes; this includes [pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"1990\"]till[\/pb_glossary] but <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">is a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0more<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1722\"]objective[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">and descriptive term for any rock with a wide range of clast sizes<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW103962435 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">M<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">oraine<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">s are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">mounded deposits consistin<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">g <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">[pb_glossary id=\"1990\"]till[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">carried\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">the [pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">rock fragments <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">dislodged <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">by<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">[pb_glossary id=\"2188\"]mass wasting[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">from the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">U-shaped\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">valley<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\"> walls<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">. <span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">The<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">acts like\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW116743166 BCX0\">a conveyor belt, carrying<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">and depositing\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1756\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">at the end\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">along the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">sides of the<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">ice flow<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">. Because\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">in the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">is always flowing downslope,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">all [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] have <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"731\"]moraines[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">build up <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">at <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">their terminus<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">, even those <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">not <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">advanc<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">M<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">oraine<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">s are classified by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">their\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">location<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> with respect to the [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">. A<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"732\"]terminal moraine[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">is a ridge\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">of<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1990\"]till[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">located\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">at the end or <strong>terminus<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">ecessional [pb_glossary id=\"731\"]moraines[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">left as [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> retreat and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> there are pauses in the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">retreat<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">Lateral m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">oraines<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> accumulate<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0along the side<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> of the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> from<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">material mass wasted <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">from<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">the valley walls<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">. When two <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1774\"]tributary[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">merge, the two<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"734\"]lateral moraines[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">combine to form a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"735\"]medial moraine[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> running down the center of the combined g<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">lacier<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> G<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">round [pb_glossary id=\"731\"]moraine[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">is a veneer<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1990\"]till[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> left<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> on the land <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">as the [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] melts<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW100777196 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3549\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-869\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1-300x142.jpg\" alt=\"Large linear hills composed of till, aligned with the &quot;U&quot; shaped mouths of canyons.\" width=\"300\" height=\"142\"><\/a> Lateral moraines of Little Cottonwood and Bell canyons, Utah.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3550\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.4_Nuussuaq-peninsula-moraines-scaled.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-3550\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4_Nuussuaq-peninsula-moraines-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"Thick lines of sediment in the middle of the glacial ice.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\"><\/a> Medial moraines where tributary glaciers meet. At least seven tributary glaciers from upstream have joined to form the trunk glacier flowing on out of the upper left of the picture.[\/caption]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">In addition to\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"731\"]moraines[\/pb_glossary],\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">leave behind other depositional landforms.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Silt, sand, and gravel produced by t<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">he intense grinding process\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">are carried by <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">treams\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">of water <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">deposit<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ed<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in front of the glacier in an area called the <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"737\"]outwash plain[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Retreating <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">may leave behind large boulders <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">that do<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">n<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2019<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">t<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0match the local\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1023\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. T<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">hese are called\u00a0<strong>[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"738\"]erratics[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>.\u00a0When\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1653\"]continental[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">retreat<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">they can leave behind <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">large blocks of ice <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">within the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"1990\"]till[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. These ice blocks melt\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">create a depression\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in the [pb_glossary id=\"1990\"]till[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">called\u00a0a\u00a0<strong>[pb_glossary id=\"739\"]kettle[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">If the depression <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">later<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">fill<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> with water, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">it is called\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a\u00a0<strong>[pb_glossary id=\"740\"]kettle lake[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">If m<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">eltwater\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">flowing over <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ice\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">surface <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">descends into\u00a0cr<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">vasses<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0in the ice<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">it\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">may find a channel and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">continue<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0to\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">flow\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sinuous\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">channels <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">within or\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">at\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the base of the [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">W<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ithin or\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">under\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1653\"]continental[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, these [pb_glossary id=\"2212\"]streams[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0carry\u00a0<\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"1756\"]<span data-contrast=\"auto\">sediment<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span data-contrast=\"auto\">. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">When the ice recedes,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> accumulated <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sediment<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">is deposited as a long sinuous ridge known as an <strong>[pb_glossary id=\"741\"]esker[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> Meltwater descending down through the ice or over the margins of the ice may <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">deposit\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">mound<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">of<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> [pb_glossary id=\"1990\"]till[\/pb_glossary] in<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">hills\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">called\u00a0<\/span><strong>kames<\/strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span>\n\n<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW140630491 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"742\"]Drumlins[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\"> are<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">ommon in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1653\"]continental[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">areas of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">Germany,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">New York<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">and Wisconsin<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">, where they typically are found in fields with <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">great numbers<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0A<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"742\"]drumlin[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">is an elongated asymmetrical teardrop-shaped hill reflecting ice movement with its steepest side pointing upstream to the flow of ice and <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">its\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">streamlined<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\"> or <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">low<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">angle<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0side<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\"> pointing downstream in the direction of ice movement.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW140630491 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3551\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"398\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Drumlins-in-Germany.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-871\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Drumlins-in-Germany-300x192.jpg\" alt=\"A small group of Ice Age drumlins in Germany.\" width=\"398\" height=\"255\"><\/a> A small group of Ice Age drumlins in Germany.[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]Glacial[\/pb_glossary] scientists <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">debate the origins of d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">rumlin<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\"> A leading idea is that <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"742\"]drumlins[\/pb_glossary] are created from\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">accumulated <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1990\"]till[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">being <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">compress<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">ed and sculpted <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">under a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] that retreated then advanced again over its own ground moraine<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">. Another idea is<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">that <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">meltwater\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">catastrophically\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">flood<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">ed <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">under the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">glacier<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\"> and carved the [pb_glossary id=\"1990\"]till[\/pb_glossary] into these streamlined mounds. Still another <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">proposes<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">the weight of the overlying<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\"> statically defor<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">med the underlying [pb_glossary id=\"1990\"]till[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"FindHit SCXW177843550 BCX0\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">12,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">13].<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW177843550 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[h5p id=\"97\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4771\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-872\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this interactive activity via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.4.3 Glacial Lakes<\/span><\/h3>\n[caption id=\"attachment_3553\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"291\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Verdi_Leak_in_The_Ruby_Mountains-e1496442171386.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-873\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Verdi_Leak_in_The_Ruby_Mountains-e1496442171386-269x300.jpg\" alt=\"A mountainous area with a circular bowl filled with a lake.\" width=\"291\" height=\"325\"><\/a> Tarn in a cirque.[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]Glacial[\/pb_glossary] l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">akes are common<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">ly<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">found\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">in alpine<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">environments. A lake <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">confined\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">within <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1530\"]cirque[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW215909625 BCX0\">called <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">tarn<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">tarn\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">forms when the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0depression in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">the [pb_glossary id=\"1530\"]cirque[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">fills with<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">precipita<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">tion after the ice is gone<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Examples\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">of tarns\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">include <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Silver Lake near Brighton Ski resort<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\"> in <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Big Cottonwood Canyon<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">, Utah<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Avalanche Lake in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]Glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">National Park<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Montana<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3554\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"392\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Paternoster-lakes.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-874\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Paternoster-lakes-300x249.jpg\" alt=\"Paternoster lakes\" width=\"392\" height=\"326\"><\/a> Paternoster lakes[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">When <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">r<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">ecessional [pb_glossary id=\"731\"]moraines[\/pb_glossary]<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">create a series of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">isolate<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">d<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">basins in a glaciated valley<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">, the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">resulting <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">chain of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">lakes<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">called<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><b>[pb_glossary id=\"743\"]paternoster lakes[\/pb_glossary]<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span>\n\nLakes filled by glacial meltwater often looks milky due to finely ground material called rock flour suspended in the water.\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3555\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"386\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-875\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York-300x222.jpg\" alt=\"Satellite view of Finger Lakes region of New York\" width=\"386\" height=\"286\"><\/a> Satellite view of Finger Lakes region of New York[\/caption]\n\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">L<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ong<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0glacially carved depressions\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">filled with <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">water\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">are known as [pb_glossary id=\"744\"]finger lakes[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"745\"]Proglacial lakes[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong> form along the edges of\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">all the largest\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"1653\"]continental[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary], such as Antarctica and Greenland<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">T<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">he\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1658\"]crust[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0is\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">depressed\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">isostatically by the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">overlying <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ice<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sheet\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">these\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">basins fill with<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">meltwater<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Many such lakes, some of them huge, existed at various times along the southern edge of the Laurentide<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]Ice Sheet[\/pb_glossary].<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">Lake Agassiz<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Manitoba,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0Canada,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0is a<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">classic<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">example of a\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"745\"]proglacial lake[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">Lake Winnipeg serv<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">es<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0as the remnant of\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a much larger\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">proglacial<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">lake.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3556\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"629\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Agassiz.jpg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-876\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Agassiz.jpg\" alt=\"Map showing a large lake covering the central part of Canada.\" width=\"629\" height=\"480\"><\/a> Extent of Lake Agassiz[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Other<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"745\"]proglacial lakes[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">were\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">formed when<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">dammed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2212\"]rivers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"> and flooded\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2212\"]river[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">valley<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">classic example is<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Lake <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Missoula,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">which <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">formed <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">when\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">a lobe of the Laurentide ice <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">sheet blocked\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">the Clark Fork<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2212\"]River[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">about 18,000 years ago. Over about 2000 years th<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">e ice <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">dam\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">holding back Lake Missoula failed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0several times<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">During each breach, the lake emptied across parts of eastern Washington, Oregon, and Idaho <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">into the Columbia [pb_glossary id=\"2212\"]River[\/pb_glossary] Valley\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">eventually\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">the Pacific Ocea<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">. After each breach, t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">he dam reformed and the lake refilled. Each breach produced a <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">catastrophic<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0flood <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">over a few days<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Scientists<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">estimate<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">this\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">cycle of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">ice dam,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"745\"]proglacial lake[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">, and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">torrential <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"985\"]massive[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">flooding happened at least 25 times over <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">span<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"> of 20 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">centuries<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">. The <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">rate of each <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">outflow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">is believed to have\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">equaled <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">combined\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2214\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary]<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">of all\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Earth\u2019s current<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2212\"]rivers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">combined<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW122677941 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3557\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-877 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington-300x198.jpg\" alt=\"Channeled Scablands showing hhuge putholes and erided surface\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\"><\/a> View of Channeled Scablands in eastern Washington showing huge potholes and massive erosion[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The landscape produced by these [pb_glossary id=\"985\"]massive[\/pb_glossary] floods is preserved in the Channeled Scablands of Idaho, Washington, and Oregon<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3558\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"827\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Lake_bonneville_map.svg_.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-878\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Lake_bonneville_map.svg_.png\" alt=\"Map of the western United States during the Pleistocene showing several large lakes, one of the more notable is Lake Bonneville, which drained northwest to the Pacific ocean.\" width=\"827\" height=\"711\"><\/a> Pluvial lakes in the western United States[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"746\"]Pluvial lakes[\/pb_glossary] form in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">humid <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">environments that <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">experience<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">low temperatures and high [pb_glossary id=\"1785\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">During the last<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"747\"]glaciation[\/pb_glossary], most of the western United States<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u2019 [pb_glossary id=\"757\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] was<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">cool<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">er<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"> and more humid than today<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Under these low-evaporation conditions, m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">any large\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">lakes<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW212414377 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">called<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"746\"]pluvial lakes[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">formed in the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">basins of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1514\"]Basin and Range[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Province<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Two of the largest<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">were<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Bonneville<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Lahontan.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Lahontan was<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0in northwestern Nevada.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">The figure illustrates the tremendous size of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Bonneville<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">, which occupied <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">much of western Utah and into eastern Nevada<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">The lake\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">level <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">fluctuated\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">greatly\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">over the centuries<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">leaving several pronounced\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW212414377 BCX0\">old\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">shorelines<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">marked by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">wave-cut [pb_glossary id=\"2240\"]terraces[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">. The<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">se<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0old shorelines<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">can be seen on mountain slopes <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">throughout\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">western\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">portion\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Utah<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0including\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Salt Lake Valley<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">, indicating that <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the now heavily urbanized valley\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">was once filled with hundreds of feet of water<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Bonneville<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\">'s<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">level peaked around 18,000 years\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW212414377 BCX0\">ago<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW212414377 BCX0\"> when a breach occurred at <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Red Rock Pass\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Idaho <span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW212414377 BCX0\">and<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\">water\u00a0<\/span>spilled<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0into the Snake<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">River<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">The flooding <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">rapidly lowered the lake level and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">scoured <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the Idaho\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">land<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">scape across <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Pocatello\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">V<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">alley,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Snake [pb_glossary id=\"2212\"]River[\/pb_glossary] Plain, and Twin [pb_glossary id=\"2212\"]Falls[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0The flood<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">waters<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">ultimately <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">flowed into\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the Columbia<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2212\"]River[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">across\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">part of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the scablands area<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"> at an <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">incredible<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"2214\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">rate\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">about\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">4,750\u00a0<\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">cu\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">km<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\/sec<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun Subscript SCXW212414377 BCX0\" data-fontsize=\"11\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">1,1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">40\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><strong>cu<\/strong> <strong>m<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\/sec<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">For comparison, this [pb_glossary id=\"2214\"]discharge[\/pb_glossary] rate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">would <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">drain the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">volume of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Michigan<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">completely dry <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">within\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">a few\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">days.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3559\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"395\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/The-great-lakes.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-879\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/The-great-lakes-300x176.jpg\" alt=\"The five grteat lakes occupy basins left by the ice sheet in the Ice Age.\" width=\"395\" height=\"232\"><\/a> The great lakes[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">The<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">five\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW50486173\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">reat\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">akes<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">North America<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">upper Midwest<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">proglacial<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0lakes\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">originat<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0during\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">he last [pb_glossary id=\"747\"]ice age[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">lake\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">basins were<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">originally\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">carved by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">the<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">encroaching [pb_glossary id=\"1653\"]continental[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">[pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]ice sheet[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">. The basins were later e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">xposed\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">as the ice retreated about 14,000 years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0and filled by precipitat<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW50486173\">io<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW50486173\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"98\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4769\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-880\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.4 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.5 Ice Age Glaciations<\/span><\/h2>\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">A<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"747\"]glaciation[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">or<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"747\"]ice age[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0occurs when the Earth\u2019s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"757\"]climate[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">becomes <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">cold enough that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1653\"]continental[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary]<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">expand, covering large areas of land. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">F<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">our major<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0well<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">documented<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"747\"]glaciations[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">have occurred\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">in Earth\u2019s history:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW139904772 BCX0\">one\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">during the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1257\"]Archean[\/pb_glossary]-early<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1261\"]Proterozoic[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1242\"]Eon[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">2.5 billion years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">another in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">late<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1261\"]Proterozoic[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1242\"]Eon[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">700 million\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">;\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">another in the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">Pennsylvanian<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">323 to 300 million years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"> and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">most recent<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">ly during the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"> Pliocene-Pleistocene<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"> [pb_glossary id=\"1245\"]epochs[\/pb_glossary] starting<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">2.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"> million years ago<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">(<\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW139904772 BCX0\" href=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/8-earth-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"FieldRange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">Chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">).<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">Some scientists also recogni<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">ze a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0minor<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"747\"]glaciation[\/pb_glossary]<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">around 440 million years ago in Africa<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The best<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">studied<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[pb_glossary id=\"747\"]glaciation[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">is, of course, the most recent.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW73716761\">This\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink BCX0 SCXW73716761\" href=\"http:\/\/xkcd.com\/1732\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"FieldRange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW73716761\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">infographic<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">illustrates the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[pb_glossary id=\"757\"]climate[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">changes over the last 20,000 years<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0ending with\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">those caused by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">human\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">actions<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0since the Industrial Revolution.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">Pliocene<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">-Pleistocene<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[pb_glossary id=\"747\"]glaciation[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">was <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">a series of several<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">cycles,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW73716761\">possibly 18<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"> in total<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">Antarctic ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[pb_glossary id=\"1667\"]core[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">record<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">s exhibit\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">especially strong evidence\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">for eight<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">advances\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">occurring\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">within the last 420,000 years<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">16]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The last of these<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"> is<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">known in popular media as\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[pb_glossary id=\"747\"]Ice Age[\/pb_glossary],<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"> but <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">geologists\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">refer to it as the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">ast<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">lacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">M<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">aximum<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The [pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] advance<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"> reached its maximum between 26,500<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">19,000 years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">10,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">17]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.5.1 Causes of Glaciations<\/span><\/h3>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">laciations<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">occur<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">due to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">both long-<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">term<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0and short<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">term factors.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW260108912 BCX0\">In the geologic sense, long-term means a\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW260108912 BCX0\">scale of tens<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\"> to hundred<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">millions of years<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\"> and short-term means a scale of hundreds<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\"> to thousands of<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">year<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span> <\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">ong-term causes <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">include <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1654\"]plate tectonics[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">breaking up the [pb_glossary id=\"1701\"]supercontinents[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW256485117 BCX0\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">see\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW256485117 BCX0\" href=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/2-plate-tectonics\/%22%20\/l%20%2226_The_Wilson_Cycle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"FieldRange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">Wilson Cycle, Chapter 2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">),<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">moving land masses<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\"> to high latitudes <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">near\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">the north or south\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">pol<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">es<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">, and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">chang<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\"> ocean circulation<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW256485117 BCX0\">For exa<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">mple, the closing of the Panama Strait and isolation of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">may have triggered a change in prec<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">ipitation cycles, which combined with a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">cooling\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"757\"]climate[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\"> to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">help expand the [pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3560\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-881 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic-300x182.jpg\" alt=\"Atomospheric CO2 has declined during the Cenozoic from a maximum in the Paleocene-Eocene up to the Industrial Revolution.\" width=\"300\" height=\"182\"><\/a> Atomospheric CO2 has declined during the Cenozoic from a maximum in the Paleocene-Eocene up to the Industrial Revolution.[\/caption]\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">hort-term causes of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">fluctuations are attributed\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">the cycles\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW56177997 BCX0\">Earth<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">rotational<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"503\"]axis[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">variations in the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">earth\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">orbit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">around the Sun which <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">affect<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\"> the distance between <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">Earth and the Sun<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">. C<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">alled\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"748\"]Milankovitch Cycles[\/pb_glossary], these cycles <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">affect\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">the amount of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">incoming solar radiation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">caus<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\"> short-term cycles of warming and cooling<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">D<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">uring the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"488\"]Cenozoic[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0E<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">ra<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">, <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">carbon dioxide levels\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">steadily decreased from a maximum in the Paleocene<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">causing <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">the [pb_glossary id=\"757\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">gradual<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">ly<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">cool<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">. By the Pliocene, [pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary] began to form. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">effects of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"748\"]Milankovitch Cycles[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">created <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">short-term <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">cycles of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">warming and\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW22219492\">cooling<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">within the larger [pb_glossary id=\"747\"]glaciation[\/pb_glossary] event. <\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"748\"]Milankovitch Cycles[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">are three orbital changes named after the Serbian\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW22219492\">astronomer Milutan Milankovitch. The three orbital changes are<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">called\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"749\"]precession[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"750\"]obliquity[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">, and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"751\"]eccentricity[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">P<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">recession\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">the wobbling of Earth\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"503\"]axis[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">with a [pb_glossary id=\"1244\"]period[\/pb_glossary] of about 21,000 years<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"750\"]obliquity[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">is changes in <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">the angle of Earth\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"503\"]axis[\/pb_glossary] <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">with a [pb_glossary id=\"1244\"]period[\/pb_glossary] of about 41,000 years<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"751\"]eccentricity[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0is<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">variations <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">Earth\u2019s orbit around the sun leading to changes in distance from the sun <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">with a [pb_glossary id=\"1244\"]period[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0of 93,000 years<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">19].\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">These\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">orbital changes created\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">41,000<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">year<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">-long<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[pb_glossary id=\"2399\"]interglacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">Milankovitch Cycle<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0from\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">2.5 to 1.0 million years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">, followed by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">another\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">longer cycle of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">about\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">100,000 <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">years <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">from<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">1.0 million years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">to today (see <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Milankovitch_cycles\">Milankovitch Cycles<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n\n[h5p id=\"99\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4773\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-882\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this interactive activity via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">Watch the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">video\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">to see\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">summari<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">es<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">of the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"747\"]ice ages[\/pb_glossary],\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">including\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">their characteristics<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">\u00a0and causes.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW153085562 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4776\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-883\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yNiMhjPHPu0[\/embed]\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.5.2 Sea-Level Change and Isostatic Rebound<\/span><\/h3>\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">W<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">hen<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">melt and retreat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0two things happen<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">:<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">water runs off into the ocean\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">causing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0sea<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">evel<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">s to rise<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0worldwide<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">land, <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">released from its\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">heavy\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">covering of ice, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\">rises <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">due\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"754\"]isostatic rebound[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ince the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ast<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">lacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">M<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">aximum about 19,000 years\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW53103755 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">sea<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0ha<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0risen about\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\">125 m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">400 f<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">t<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">A <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">global\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">change in sea level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0is called<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"752\"]eustatic[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">sea-level<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">change<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">During\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">a warming trend, s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ea<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"> rises\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">due to more water being added to the ocean and also thermal<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0expansion<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"> of sea water<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\">About half of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">Eart<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">h'<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"752\"]eustatic[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">sea-level rise during the last c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ntury has been the result of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">melting<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0and about half due to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">thermal expansion<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"FindHit SCXW53103755 BCX0\">[<\/span>21,<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\">22]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">hermal expansion\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">describes <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">how\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">a solid, liquid, or gas expands in volume\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">with an <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">increase in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1767\"]temperature[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">. T<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">his<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW53103755 BCX0\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/QNoE5IoRheQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">30 second video<\/span><\/span><\/a> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">demonstrat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">es<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0thermal expansion with the classic brass ball and ring<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1731\"]experiment[\/pb_glossary].<\/span><\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4774\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-884\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/QNoE5IoRheQ[\/embed]\n\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">Relative\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level change<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">\u00a0includes\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">vertical movement of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">both <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"752\"]eustatic[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level and <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">continents on [pb_glossary id=\"<span data-contrast=\"auto\">1654<\/span>\"]tectonic[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"1669\"]plates[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">. In oth<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">er words, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level change is measure<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">d<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">relative to<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">land<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\"> elevation<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">For example, i<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">f the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">land rises a lot and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level rises\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">only\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">a little<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">then\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">relative\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level would appear to d<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">rop<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW186787110 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span data-contrast=\"auto\">Continents sitting on <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"1668\"]lithosphere[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">can\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">move vertically\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">upward\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">as a result of two main processes,\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1654\"]tectonic[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0uplift<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0and\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"754\"]isostatic rebound[\/pb_glossary].\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1654\"]Tectonic[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0uplift occurs\u00a0when\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1654\"]tectonic[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"1669\"]plates[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0collide\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">see\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/2-plate-tectonics\/%22%20\/l%20%22232_Collisions\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Chapter 2<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">).<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Isosta<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">tic rebound <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">describes the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">upward <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">movement of <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">lithospher<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ic [pb_glossary id=\"1658\"]crust[\/pb_glossary] sitting on top of the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">asthenospheric<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0layer below it.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"1653\"]Continental[\/pb_glossary] c<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">rust b<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">earing\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the weight of [pb_glossary id=\"1653\"]continental[\/pb_glossary] ice<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0sinks into\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the [pb_glossary id=\"1671\"]asthenosphere[\/pb_glossary] displacing it<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">After the [pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]ice sheet[\/pb_glossary] melts away, the [pb_glossary id=\"1671\"]asthenosphere[\/pb_glossary] flows back in and continental c<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">rust<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">floats<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> back upward<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1755\"]Erosion[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">can\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">also create <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"754\"]isostatic rebound[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> by removing large masses like mountains<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> and transporting the [pb_glossary id=\"1756\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] away (think of the [pb_glossary id=\"479\"]Mesozoic[\/pb_glossary] removal of the Alleghanian Mountains and the uplift of the Appalachian plateau; <a href=\"https:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/8-earth-history\/\">Chapter 8<\/a>)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, alb<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">eit\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">this process occurs more<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> slowly than<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0relatively rapid\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> melting<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW93511452 BCX0\">Th<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">e isostatic<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">rebound<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\"> map below shows rates of vertical crustal movement worldwide.<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">he <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">highest re<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">bound rate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">is indicated by the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">blue-to-purp<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">le\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">zones (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">top<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">\u00a0end of the scale<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">The orange<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">-to-red zones\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">(bottom end of the scale)\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">surrounding the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">high-rebound zones indicate <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">isostatic lowering as adjustments in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">displaced<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">subcrustal material <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">have taken place<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW93511452 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_3561\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"512\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/PGR_Paulson2007_Rate_of_Lithospheric_Uplift_due_to_PGR.png\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-885\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/PGR_Paulson2007_Rate_of_Lithospheric_Uplift_due_to_PGR.png\" alt=\"Rate of lithospheric uplift due to Postglacial Rebound, as modelled by Paulson, A\" width=\"512\" height=\"396\"><\/a> Rate of isostatic rebound.[\/caption]\n\n<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">Most<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"754\"]isostatic rebound[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">is occurring where<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0continental ice sheets rapidly\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">melted<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0about\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">19,000 years ago<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">such as\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">Canada and Scandinavia<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">. Its effects can be seen\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">wherever<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"747\"]Ice Age[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">ice or water bodies\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">are or were\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">present on<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1653\"]continental[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">surfaces<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">terraces<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">on <\/span><\/span><\/span>[pb_glossary id=\"2212\"]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">river<\/span><\/span><\/span>[\/pb_glossary]<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">floodplains that cross these areas.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"754\"]Isostatic rebound[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">occurred in Utah when the water from Lake Bonneville\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">drained\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW170198648 BCX0\">away <span data-contrast=\"auto\">[23]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW170198648 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0North America's Great Lakes also exhibit e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">mergent [pb_glossary id=\"1968\"]coastline[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">features<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0caused by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"754\"]isostatic rebound[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">since the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">[pb_glossary id=\"1653\"]continental[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">sheet\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW170198648 BCX0\">retreated.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW170198648 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"100\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4772\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-886\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.5 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]Glaciers[\/pb_glossary] form when average annual snowfall exceeds melting and snow compresses into [pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] ice. There are three types of [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary], alpine or [pb_glossary id=\"1518\"]valley glaciers[\/pb_glossary] that occupy valleys, [pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary] that cover [pb_glossary id=\"1653\"]continental[\/pb_glossary] areas, and ice caps that cover smaller areas usually at higher elevations. As the ice accumulates, it begins to flow downslope and outward under its own weight.\u00a0[pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]Glacial[\/pb_glossary] ice is divided into two zones, the upper rigid or [pb_glossary id=\"1661\"]brittle[\/pb_glossary] zone where the ice cracks into [pb_glossary id=\"1521\"]crevasses[\/pb_glossary] and the lower plastic zone where under the pressure of overlying ice, the ice bends and flows exhibiting [pb_glossary id=\"1660\"]ductile[\/pb_glossary] behavior. Rock material that [pb_glossary id=\"1749\"]falls[\/pb_glossary] onto the ice by [pb_glossary id=\"2188\"]mass wasting[\/pb_glossary] or is plucked and carried by the ice is called [pb_glossary id=\"731\"]moraine[\/pb_glossary] and acts as grinding agents against the [pb_glossary id=\"1023\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary] creating significant [pb_glossary id=\"1755\"]erosion[\/pb_glossary].\n\n[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]Glaciers[\/pb_glossary] have a budget of income and expense. The zone of income for the [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] is called the [pb_glossary id=\"1523\"]Zone of Accumulation[\/pb_glossary], where snow is converted into [pb_glossary id=\"1520\"]firn[\/pb_glossary] then ice by [pb_glossary id=\"493\"]compression[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"1998\"]recrystallization[\/pb_glossary], and the zone of expense called the [pb_glossary id=\"1524\"]Zone of Ablation[\/pb_glossary], where ice melts or sublimes away. The line separating these two zones latest in the year is the Equilibrium or [pb_glossary id=\"1520\"]Firn[\/pb_glossary] Line and can be seen on the [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] separating bare ice from snow covered ice. If the [pb_glossary id=\"1522\"]glacial budget[\/pb_glossary] is balanced, even though the ice continues to flow downslope, the end or terminus of the [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] remains in a stable position. If income is greater than expense, the position of the terminus moves downslope. If expense is greater than income, a circumstance now affecting [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary] worldwide due to global warming, the terminus recedes. If this situation continues, the [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] will disappear. An average of cooler summers affects the stability or growth of [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glaciers[\/pb_glossary] more than higher snowfall. As the Greenland and Antarctic [pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]ice sheets[\/pb_glossary] flow seaward, the edges calve off forming icebergs.\n\n[pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]Glaciers[\/pb_glossary] create two kinds of landforms, erosional and depositional. [pb_glossary id=\"1517\"]Alpine glaciers[\/pb_glossary] carve U-shaped valleys and [pb_glossary id=\"731\"]moraine[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0carried in the ice polishes and grooves or striates the [pb_glossary id=\"1023\"]bedrock[\/pb_glossary]. Other landscape features produced by [pb_glossary id=\"1755\"]erosion[\/pb_glossary] include [pb_glossary id=\"1531\"]horns[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"1529\"]ar\u00eate[\/pb_glossary]<span data-contrast=\"auto\"> ridges, [pb_glossary id=\"1530\"]cirques[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"1533\"]hanging valleys[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"1532\"]cols[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"1534\"]truncated spurs[\/pb_glossary]. [pb_glossary id=\"1530\"]Cirques[\/pb_glossary] may contain eroded basins that are occupied by post [pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] lakes called tarns. Depositional features result from deposits left by retreating ice called drift. These include [pb_glossary id=\"1990\"]till[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"731\"]moraine[\/pb_glossary] deposits (terminal, recessional, lateral, medial, and ground), [pb_glossary id=\"741\"]eskers[\/pb_glossary], kames, [pb_glossary id=\"739\"]kettles[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"740\"]kettle lakes[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"738\"]erratics[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"742\"]drumlins[\/pb_glossary]. A series of [pb_glossary id=\"733\"]recessional moraines[\/pb_glossary] in glaciated valleys may create basins that are later filled with water to become [pb_glossary id=\"743\"]paternoster[\/pb_glossary] lakes. [pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]Glacial[\/pb_glossary] meltwater carries fine grained [pb_glossary id=\"1756\"]sediment[\/pb_glossary] onto the [pb_glossary id=\"737\"]outwash plain[\/pb_glossary]. Lakes containing [pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]glacial[\/pb_glossary] meltwater are milky in color from suspended finely ground rock flour. [pb_glossary id=\"747\"]Ice Age[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"757\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] was more humid and [pb_glossary id=\"1785\"]precipitation[\/pb_glossary] that did not become [pb_glossary id=\"1516\"]glacier[\/pb_glossary] ice filled regional depressions to become [pb_glossary id=\"746\"]pluvial lakes[\/pb_glossary]. Examples of [pb_glossary id=\"746\"]pluvial lakes[\/pb_glossary] include Lake Missoula dammed behind an [pb_glossary id=\"1519\"]ice sheet[\/pb_glossary] lobe and Lake Bonneville in Utah whose [pb_glossary id=\"2273\"]shoreline[\/pb_glossary] remnants can be seen on mountainsides. Repeated breaching of the ice lobe allowed Lake Missoula to rapidly drain causing [pb_glossary id=\"985\"]massive[\/pb_glossary] floods that scoured the Channeled Scablands of Idaho, Washington, and Oregon.<\/span>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this Chapter.<\/h3>\n[h5p id=\"101\"]\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_4775\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-887\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a> If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the review quiz for Chapter 14 via this QR Code.[\/caption]\n<h2><b>References<\/b><\/h2>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\">\n<ol>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Allen, P.A., and Etienne, J.L., 2008, Sedimentary challenge to [pb_glossary id=\"766\"]Snowball Earth[\/pb_glossary]: Nat. Geosci., v. 1, no. 12, p. 817\u2013825.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Berner, R.A., 1998, The carbon cycle and carbon dioxide over [pb_glossary id=\"1269\"]Phanerozoic[\/pb_glossary] time: the role of land plants: Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., v. 353, no. 1365, p. 75\u201382.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Cunningham, W.L., Leventer, A., Andrews, J.T., Jennings, A.E., and Licht, K.J., 1999, Late Pleistocene\u2013[pb_glossary id=\"490\"]Holocene[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"1961\"]marine[\/pb_glossary] conditions in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: evidence from the diatom record: The [pb_glossary id=\"490\"]Holocene[\/pb_glossary], v. 9, no. 2, p. 129\u2013139.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Deynoux, M., Miller, J.M.G., and Domack, E.W., 2004, Earth\u2019s [pb_glossary id=\"1988\"]Glacial[\/pb_glossary] Record: World and Regional Geology, Cambridge University Press, World and Regional Geology.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Earle, S., 2015, Physical geology OER textbook: BC Campus OpenEd.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Eyles, N., and Januszczak, N., 2004, \u201cZipper-[pb_glossary id=\"1702\"]rift[\/pb_glossary]\u201d: a [pb_glossary id=\"1654\"]tectonic[\/pb_glossary] model for Neoproterozoic [pb_glossary id=\"747\"]glaciations[\/pb_glossary] during the breakup of [pb_glossary id=\"1263\"]Rodinia[\/pb_glossary] after 750 Ma: Earth-Sci. Rev.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Francey, R.J., Allison, C.E., Etheridge, D.M., Trudinger, C.M., and others, 1999, A 1000\u2010year high precision record of \u03b413C in atmospheric CO2: Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Gutro, R., 2005, NASA - What\u2019s the Difference Between [pb_glossary id=\"756\"]Weather[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"757\"]Climate[\/pb_glossary]? Online, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/noaa-n\/climate\/climate_weather.html\">http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/noaa-n\/climate\/climate_weather.html<\/a>, accessed September 2016.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Hoffman, P.F., Kaufman, A.J., Halverson, G.P., and Schrag, D.P., 1998, A neoproterozoic [pb_glossary id=\"766\"]snowball earth[\/pb_glossary]: Science, v. 281, no. 5381, p. 1342\u20131346.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Kopp, R.E., Kirschvink, J.L., Hilburn, I.A., and Nash, C.Z., 2005, The Paleoproterozoic [pb_glossary id=\"766\"]snowball Earth[\/pb_glossary]: a climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., v. 102, no. 32, p. 11131\u201311136.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Lean, J., Beer, J., and Bradley, R., 1995, Reconstruction of solar irradiance since 1610: Implications for [pb_glossary id=\"757\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] cbange: Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 22, no. 23, p. 3195\u20133198.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Levitus, S., Antonov, J.I., Wang, J., Delworth, T.L., Dixon, K.W., and Broccoli, A.J., 2001, [pb_glossary id=\"764\"]Anthropogenic[\/pb_glossary] warming of Earth\u2019s [pb_glossary id=\"757\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"1742\"]system[\/pb_glossary]: Science, v. 292, no. 5515, p. 267\u2013270.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Lindsey, R., 2009, [pb_glossary id=\"757\"]Climate[\/pb_glossary] and Earth\u2019s Energy Budget\u202f: Feature Articles: Online, <a href=\"http:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\">http:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov<\/a>, accessed September 2016.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">North Carolina State University, 2013a, [pb_glossary id=\"1909\"]Composition[\/pb_glossary] of the [pb_glossary id=\"1745\"]Atmosphere[\/pb_glossary]:<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">North Carolina State University, 2013b, [pb_glossary id=\"1909\"]Composition[\/pb_glossary] of the [pb_glossary id=\"1745\"]Atmosphere[\/pb_glossary]: Online, <a href=\"http:\/\/climate.ncsu.edu\/edu\/k12\/.AtmComposition\">http:\/\/climate.ncsu.edu\/edu\/k12\/.AtmComposition<\/a>, accessed September 2016.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Oreskes, N., 2004, The scientific consensus on [pb_glossary id=\"757\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] change: Science, v. 306, no. 5702, p. 1686\u20131686.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Pachauri, R.K., Allen, M.R., Barros, V.R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ, R., Church, J.A., Clarke, L., Dahe, Q., Dasgupta, P., Dubash, N.K., Edenhofer, O., Elgizouli, I., Field, C.B., and others, 2014, [pb_glossary id=\"757\"]Climate[\/pb_glossary] Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on [pb_glossary id=\"757\"]Climate[\/pb_glossary] Change (R. K. Pachauri &amp; L. Meyer, Eds.): Geneva, Switzerland, IPCC, 151 p.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Santer, B.D., Mears, C., Wentz, F.J., Taylor, K.E., Gleckler, P.J., Wigley, T.M.L., Barnett, T.P., Boyle, J.S., Br\u00fcggemann, W., Gillett, N.P., Klein, S.A., Meehl, G.A., Nozawa, T., Pierce, D.W., and others, 2007, Identification of human-induced changes in atmospheric moisture content: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., v. 104, no. 39, p. 15248\u201315253.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Schopf, J.W., and Klein, C., 1992, Late [pb_glossary id=\"1261\"]Proterozoic[\/pb_glossary] Low-[pb_glossary id=\"2450\"]Latitude[\/pb_glossary] Global [pb_glossary id=\"747\"]Glaciation[\/pb_glossary]: the [pb_glossary id=\"766\"]Snowball Earth[\/pb_glossary], <i>in<\/i> Schopf, J.W., and Klein, C., editors, The [pb_glossary id=\"1261\"]Proterozoic[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"1747\"]biosphere\u202f[\/pb_glossary]: a multidisciplinary study: New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 51\u201352.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Webb, T., and Thompson, W., 1986, Is vegetation in equilibrium with [pb_glossary id=\"757\"]climate[\/pb_glossary]? How to interpret late-[pb_glossary id=\"491\"]Quaternary[\/pb_glossary] pollen data: Vegetatio, v. 67, no. 2, p. 75\u201391.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Weissert, H., 2000, Deciphering methane\u2019s fingerprint: Nature, v. 406, no. 6794, p. 356\u2013357.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Whitlock, C., and Bartlein, P.J., 1997, Vegetation and [pb_glossary id=\"757\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] change in northwest America during the past 125 kyr: Nature, v. 388, no. 6637, p. 57\u201361.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Wolpert, S., 2009, New NASA [pb_glossary id=\"1767\"]temperature[\/pb_glossary] maps provide a \u2018whole new way of seeing the moon\u2019: Online, <a href=\"http:\/\/newsroom.ucla.edu\/releases\/new-nasa-temperature-maps-provide-102070\">http:\/\/newsroom.ucla.edu\/releases\/new-nasa-temperature-maps-provide-102070<\/a>, accessed February 2017.<\/li>\n \t<li class=\"csl-entry\">Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K., 2001, Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global [pb_glossary id=\"757\"]climate[\/pb_glossary] 65 Ma to present: Science, v. 292, no. 5517, p. 686\u2013693.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n&nbsp;\n\n<\/div>","rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_3527\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3527\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/GNP5-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-3527\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2021\/12\/GNP5-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"The valley is circular and filled with a lake.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3527\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Avalanche Lake in Glacier National Park, Montana is an example of a glacially-carved cirque.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>14 Glaciers<\/h1>\n<p><b>KEY CONCEPTS<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Differentiate the different types of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a> and contrast them with\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sea\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ice<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">bergs<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:60,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[360,360],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0,8]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Describe how <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a> form, move, and create landforms <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:60,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[360,360],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0,8]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Describe <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1522\">glacial budget<\/a>; describe the zones of accumulation, equilibrium, and melting<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:60,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[360,360],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0,8]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Identify glacial erosional and depositional landforms and interpret their origin<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">;\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">describe glacial lakes<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Describe the history and causes of past <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_747\">glaciations<\/a> and their relationship to <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">climate<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sea-level changes<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_754\">isostatic rebound<\/a><\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[360,360],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[0,8]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">he<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0Earth\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1746\">cryosphere<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">has\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">unique\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">set of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">erosional and depositional features<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0compared to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">it<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1744\">hydrosphere<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0or liquid water.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">This ice exists primarily in two forms<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0and icebergs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">Glaciers<\/a> are l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">arge accumulations of <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">that exist year-round\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">on\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">land<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\"> surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW248666092 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">In contrast,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">asses <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">ice <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">floating on the ocean <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">icebergs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">, although they may have had their origin in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248666092 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW248666092 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">Glaciers<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">cover about 10% of\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW228356003\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">Earth&rsquo;s <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0and are powerful erosional agents that sculpt the planet\u2019s surface.<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">These enormous masses of ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">usually form <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">in mountainous areas that <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">experience\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">cold temperatures and high<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">precipitation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">. Glaciers <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">also occur in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">low<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">lying areas<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\"> such as Greenland and Antarctica<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0that remain extremely cold year-round<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.1 <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW218826232\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW218826232\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW218826232\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 DefaultHighlightTransition SCXW218826232\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"heading 2\">Glacier<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW218826232\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW218826232\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW218826232\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW218826232\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"heading 2\"> Formation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3529\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3529\" style=\"width: 443px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/640px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-843\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/640px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.jpg\" alt=\"Glacier in the Bernese Alps. A thick sheet of ice filling an alpine valley with lines of sediment (medial moraine).\" width=\"443\" height=\"332\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/640px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.jpg 640w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/640px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/640px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/640px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/640px-Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178-350x263.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 443px) 100vw, 443px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3529\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Glacier in the Bernese Alps.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">Glaciers<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">form when repeated annual <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">snow<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">fall accumulates <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">deep layers of snow that are not completely melted in the summer<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">. Thus there is an accumulation of snow that<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\"> builds up into deep layers<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW228356003\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW228356003\">. <strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">P<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><strong>erennial snow<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">is a snow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">accumulat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ion <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">lasts all year<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW42987865 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">thin accumulation<\/span><\/span><\/span> of <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">p<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">erennial snow <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">is <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">a snow field<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">Over repeated seasons of perennial snow, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the snow settles, compacts, and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1781\">bonds<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">with underlying\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">layers. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">amount of void space\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">between the snow grains\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">diminishes.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">As <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the old\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">snow gets buried by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">more\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">new\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW42987865 BCX0\">snow,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the older\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">snow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">layers <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">compact<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"> into\u00a0<\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1520\">firn<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">or<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1520\">n\u00e9v\u00e9<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">a granular mass <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">of ice crystals<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">As <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1520\">firn<\/a> continues to be<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">buri<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">compress<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">recrystalliz<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">es<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">void space<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">become smaller<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"> and the ice becomes less porous,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ventually turn<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"> into <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a> ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">Solid<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">g<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">lacial<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">still retains <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">a fair amount of void space<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"> and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0that<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">traps<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">air. T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">hese\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">mall air pockets <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">provide <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">record<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0of the past<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42987865 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1745\">atmosphere<\/a> composition.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW42987865 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">There are three<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">general <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">types<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\"> a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">lpine or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1518\">valley glaciers<\/a>,\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">ice sheets<\/a>, and ice caps.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">Most<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1517\">alpine glaciers<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">are located in the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">world\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">major mountain ranges such as the Andes, Rockies, Alps, and Himalayas<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">, usually occupying long, narrow valleys.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0A<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">lpine <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a> may also form at lower elevations<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">in areas that receive high annual <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1785\">precipitation<\/a> such as the Olympic Peninsula in Washi<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW33706537 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33706537 BCX0\">ngton state<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3530\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3530\" style=\"width: 369px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.1_Greenland.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-844\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.1_Greenland-300x198.jpg\" alt=\"Greenland ice sheet.\" width=\"369\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.1_Greenland-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.1_Greenland-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.1_Greenland-225x148.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.1_Greenland-350x231.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.1_Greenland.jpg 623w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 369px) 100vw, 369px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3530\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greenland ice sheet.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3531\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3531\" style=\"width: 266px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-845\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-601x1024.png\" alt=\"Map showing maximum thickness of Greenland ice sheet around 3000 meters.\" width=\"266\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-601x1024.png 601w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-176x300.png 176w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-768x1308.png 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-902x1536.png 902w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-1203x2048.png 1203w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-65x111.png 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-225x383.png 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map-350x596.png 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map.png 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3531\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thickness of Greenland ice sheet in meters (Source: Eric Gaba).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>I<span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">ce sheets<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">also called<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1653\">continental<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\"> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75776369 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\">form across <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75776369 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\">millions\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75776369 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75776369 BCX0\">of <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">square\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">kilo<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">meters\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">of land\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">thousands of meters thick<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">Earth\u2019s <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">largest\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">ice sheets<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0are located\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">on\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">Greenland and Antarctica. The Greenland<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">Ice Sheet<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">is the largest\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">ice mass in the Northern Hemisphere with <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">an extensive\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">surface area\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">of over 2 million\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">sq\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">km\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">1,242,700 sq<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">mi<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">)\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">an\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">average\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">thickness\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">up to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">00 m<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">eters<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">00 ft, almost a mile<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW160262081\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW160262081\">[1].<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">The Antarctic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">Ice Sheet<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">eve<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">n <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">larger and covers almost the entire<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212263132 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1653\">continent<\/a>. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">The\u00a0<\/span>thickest parts\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">of the Antarctic <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">ice sheet<\/a> <\/span>are over\u00a04,000 m<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">eters thick<\/span>\u00a0(<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">&gt;<\/span>13,000 ft or 2.5 mi)<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">. <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">It<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">s weight\u00a0<\/span>depresses the Antarctic\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1023\">bedrock<\/a>\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">to\u00a0<\/span>below sea level in many places. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">The\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">cross-sectional <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">diagram\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">comparing\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">the Greenland and Antarctica\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">ice sheets<\/a><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">illustrates the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">size\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">difference between\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">the two<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212263132 BCX0\">.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3532\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3532\" style=\"width: 420px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.2_Steve-Earle_antarctic-greenland-2-300x128-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-846\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Steve-Earle_antarctic-greenland-2-300x128-1.png\" alt=\"Cross-sectional view showing that the Antarctica ice sheet is much larger than the Greenland ice sheet (Source: Steve Earle).\" width=\"420\" height=\"179\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Steve-Earle_antarctic-greenland-2-300x128-1.png 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Steve-Earle_antarctic-greenland-2-300x128-1-65x28.png 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Steve-Earle_antarctic-greenland-2-300x128-1-225x96.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3532\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-sectional view of both Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets drawn to scale for size comparison (Source: Steve Earle)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Ice cap <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a> are smaller versions of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">ice sheets<\/a> that cover less than 50,000 km<sup>2<\/sup> and usually occupy higher elevations and may cover tops of mountains. There are several ice caps on Iceland. A small ice cap called Snow <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_507\">Dome<\/a> is near Mt. Olympus on the Olympic Peninsula in the state of Washington.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3534\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3534\" style=\"width: 351px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-847\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap-300x198.png\" alt=\"Snow Dome ice cap\" width=\"351\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap-768x508.png 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap-65x43.png 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap-225x149.png 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap-350x232.png 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Snow-Dome-ice-cap.png 845w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 351px) 100vw, 351px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3534\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snow Dome ice cap near Mt. Olympus, Washington<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3533\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3533\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-848\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland-300x232.jpg\" alt=\"Vatnaj\u00f6kull ice cap in Iceland\" width=\"300\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland-300x232.jpg 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland-1024x792.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland-768x594.jpg 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland-1536x1188.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland-65x50.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland-225x174.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland-350x271.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland.jpg 1552w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3533\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vatnaj\u00f6kull ice cap in Iceland<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3535\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3535\" style=\"width: 347px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-849\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet-617x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Maximum extent of Laurentide ice sheet\" width=\"347\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet-617x1024.jpg 617w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet-181x300.jpg 181w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet-768x1274.jpg 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet-65x108.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet-225x373.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet-350x581.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet.jpg 810w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 347px) 100vw, 347px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3535\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maximum extent of Laurentide ice sheet<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">he\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">figure shows the size of the ancient <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">Laurentide<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">Ice Sheet<\/a> in the Northern Hemisphere.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0This<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">ice sheet<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">was\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">present during <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW90772545\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">ast<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">g<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">lacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">aximum<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0event<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">also know<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0as the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">ast<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">ce\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW90772545\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">A<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW90772545\">ge.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-94\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-94\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"94\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"14.1 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4766\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4766\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-850\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4766\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.1 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>14. 2 Glacier Movement<\/h2>\n<table class=\"no-lines landscape aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 348px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 333px\">\n<td style=\"width: 830.298px;height: 333px\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3536\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3536\" style=\"width: 440px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/640px-Chevron_Crevasses_00.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-851\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/640px-Chevron_Crevasses_00-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Deep cracks in the surface of glacial ice\" width=\"440\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/640px-Chevron_Crevasses_00-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/640px-Chevron_Crevasses_00-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/640px-Chevron_Crevasses_00-225x150.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/640px-Chevron_Crevasses_00-350x234.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/640px-Chevron_Crevasses_00.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3536\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Glacial crevasses.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 348.168px;height: 333px\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3537\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3537\" style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Glaciereaston.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-852\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Glaciereaston.jpg\" alt=\"Cravasse on the Easton Glacier in the North Cascades\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Glaciereaston.jpg 243w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Glaciereaston-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Glaciereaston-65x87.jpg 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3537\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cravasse on the Easton Glacier in the North Cascades<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">As the ice accumulates, it begins to flow downward under its own weight<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW198720697\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">In <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">1948<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">glaciologist<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">installed hollow vertical rods\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">into the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW198720697\">Jungfraufirn<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">Glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">in the Swiss Alps to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">measure<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW198720697\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">changes in its\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">movement <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">over two years.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW198720697\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>This study showed that the ice at the surface was fairly rigid and ice within the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a> was actually flowing downhill. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW148676570\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">cross-sectional\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">diagram of an alpine (valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">) <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">shows that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">the rate of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">movement\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">is <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">slow near the bottom, and fastest\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">n the middle with the top ice being carried along on the ice below.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">One of the unique properties of ice is that it <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">melts under pressure<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW148676570\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148676570\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span>About half of the overall glacial movement was from sliding on a film of meltwater along the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1023\">bedrock<\/a> surface and half from internal flow<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW75949138 BCX0\">Ice near the surface of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">is rigid<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1661\">brittle<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">to a depth of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">about<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a050 m (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">165 ft<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW75949138 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">In t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">his\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1661\">brittle<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">zone<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">large\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">cracks<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">called<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1521\">crevasses<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">form\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">on the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">moving\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">. These<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1521\">crevasses<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">can be covered and hidden by a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">snow bridge and are<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">hazard for<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW75949138 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75949138 BCX0\">travelers.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW75949138 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3538\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3538\" style=\"width: 451px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-853\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress-300x130.png\" alt=\"Cross-section of a glacier shows upper part of the glacier moving en masse and breaking in a brittle fashion while the lower part flows ductiley.\" width=\"451\" height=\"195\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress-300x130.png 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress-1024x443.png 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress-768x333.png 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress-65x28.png 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress-225x97.png 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress-350x152.png 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2_Steve-Earle_ice-flow-and-stress.png 1254w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3538\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-section of a valley glacier showing stress (red numbers) increase with depth under the ice. The ice will deform and flow where the stress is greater than 100 kilopascals, and the relative extent of that deformation is depicted by the red arrows. Down slope movement is shown with blue arrows. The upper ice above the red dashed line does not flow but is pushed along en masse. (Source: Steve Earle)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">Below the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">brittle<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW140842140 BCX0\">zone, <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">the pressure\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">typically exceed<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">100 kilopascals (<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">Pa)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0which is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">approximately 100,000 times atmospheric pressure<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">. Under this applied force<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">the ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\"> no longer breaks,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">but rather\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">it\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">bends or flows in a zone called the <strong>plastic zone<\/strong>. This <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">plastic zone\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">represents the great majority of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">ice<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">. The plastic zone<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">contains a fair amount of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\"> of various grades from <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">boulders\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">silt and clay. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">As th<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">e bottom of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a> slides <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">and grinds\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">across the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1023\">bedrock<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">, these <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediments<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW140842140 BCX0\">ct as grinding agents<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">and <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0create <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">zone of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\">significant\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140842140 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1755\">erosion<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW140842140 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-95\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-95\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"95\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"14.2 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4767\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4767\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-854\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4767\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.2 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.3 Glacial Budget<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3539\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3539\" style=\"width: 434px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.3_ice-flow-2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-855\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.3_ice-flow-2-300x140.png\" alt=\"A glacier flows downhill as a thick sheet of ice. Cross-sectional view of an alpine glacier showing internal flow lines, zone of accumulation, snow line, and zone of melting.\" width=\"434\" height=\"202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.3_ice-flow-2-300x140.png 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.3_ice-flow-2-1024x477.png 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.3_ice-flow-2-768x358.png 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.3_ice-flow-2-65x30.png 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.3_ice-flow-2-225x105.png 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.3_ice-flow-2-350x163.png 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.3_ice-flow-2.png 1120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 434px) 100vw, 434px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3539\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-sectional view of an alpine glacier showing internal flow lines, zone of accumulation, snow line, and zone of melting (Earle 2015).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">glaci<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">al budget\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">is like a bank account<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">with the ice being the existing balance.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">f there is more income<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">snow accumulat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0in winter<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\"> than expense<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0(snow and ice <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">melt<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0in summer<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">, then the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">glacial <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">budget\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">shows\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">grow<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">th<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">A positive or negative balance of ice in the overall\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1522\">glacial budget<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">determines whether a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">advances or retreats<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">, respectively<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW183482521\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">he\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">area<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">where\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">balance\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">is growing\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">is called the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1523\">zone of accumulation<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">. The area where ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">balance is shrinking<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0is called the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">zone of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">ablation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW183482521\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW183482521\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">The diagram shows these two zones and the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">equilibrium<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0line.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">In the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1523\">zone of accumulation<\/a>, the s<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">now<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"> accumulation\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">rate <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">exceeds\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">the <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">snow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">melting<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"> rate <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">the ice surface is always covered with snow.<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">The equilibrium line<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW176016807 BCX0\">also called the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1525\">snowline<\/a> <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW176016807 BCX0\">firnline<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"> marks the boundary between the zones of accumulation and ablation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">Below the equilibrium line<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">in the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">zone of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">ablation<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">the melting rate exceeds\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">snow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">accumulation<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0leaving\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">bare ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">surface exposed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">The position of the firnline changes during the season and from year to year as a <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">reflection <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">a positive or negative ice <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">balance\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1522\">glacial budget<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">O<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">f the<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0two variables<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0affecting\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a>&lsquo;s budget<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">winter accumulation and <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">summer melt<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">summer melt\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">matters most<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0to a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a>\u2019s budget<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">. Cool summers promote<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">glacial<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW176016807 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">advance and warm summers promote<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">glacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW176016807 BCX0\">retreat<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW176016807 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW176016807 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW176016807 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3540\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3540\" style=\"width: 412px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/512px-Geirangerfjord_6-2007.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-856\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/512px-Geirangerfjord_6-2007.jpg\" alt=\"Water-filled valley with steep side walls.\" width=\"412\" height=\"614\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/512px-Geirangerfjord_6-2007.jpg 512w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/512px-Geirangerfjord_6-2007-201x300.jpg 201w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/512px-Geirangerfjord_6-2007-65x97.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/512px-Geirangerfjord_6-2007-225x335.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/512px-Geirangerfjord_6-2007-350x522.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 412px) 100vw, 412px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3540\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fjord<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW210115115 BCX0\">If\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">a handful of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">warmer summers promote<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">glacial<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">retreat, then <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">global\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">climate<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">warming over <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">decades and centuries\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">will accelerate <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">glaci<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">al\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">melting and retreat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\"> even faster<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">lobal<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">warming<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">due\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW210115115 BCX0\">to human<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0burning\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">fossil fuels<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">is <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">causing the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">ice sheets<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">lose\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">in years, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">an amount of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">mass<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">that would normally\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">take<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">centuries<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">. Current g<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">lacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">melting is<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">contributing <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">to rising sea<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW210115115 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">faster <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW210115115 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">than\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210115115 BCX0\">expected based on previous history.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW210115115 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW52554204 BCX0\">As<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">Antarctica and Greenland<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">ice sheets<\/a> melt<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0during global<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0warming<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">they become thinner or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW52554204 BCX0\">deflate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">he<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">edges of the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">ice sheets<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">break off\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">and fall\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">to the ocean,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0a process called\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1526\">calving<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">, becoming floating icebergs. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">fjord <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">is<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">steep-walled valley flooded with sea water.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">The narrow shape of a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">fjord\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">has been\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">carved out by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">a <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\"> during a cooler <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">climate<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1244\">period<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">. During a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">warming trend<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">glacial meltwater <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">may\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">raise<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\"> the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">sea level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">in fjords\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">flood <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">former<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">ly dry\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">valleys <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"FindHit SCXW52554204 BCX0\">[<\/span>8,<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\">9]<\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">Glacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">retreat and deflation\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW52554204 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52554204 BCX0\">well illustrated in the 2009 TED Talk by James Balog.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"max-width: 640\">\n<div style=\"height: 0;padding-bottom: 56%\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"James Balog: Time-lapse proof of extreme ice loss\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.ted.com\/talks\/james_balog_time_lapse_proof_of_extreme_ice_loss\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4777\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4777\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-857\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Time-Lapse-Proof-of-Extreme-Ice-Loss-TED-Talk-Video-QR-Code.png 1148w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4777\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-96\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-96\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"96\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"14.3 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4768\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4768\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-858\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4768\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.3 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.4 Glacial Landforms<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">Both alpine and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1653\">continental<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a> create <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">two categories<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">\u00a0of landforms<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">:<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\"> erosional and depositional<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW239094564 BCX0\">Erosional landforms are formed by <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">the removal of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">material.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">Depositional landforms are formed\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">addition of material<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW239094564 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239094564 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> Because <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a> were first studied by 18th and 19th century geologists in Europe, the terminology applied to <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a> and glacial features contains many terms derived from European languages.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.4.1 Erosional Glacial Landforms<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">E<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">rosional landforms<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0are created when\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">moving\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">masses of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">glacial\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">ice <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW174047054\">slide\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">grind<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\"> over <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1023\">bedrock<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">Glacial ice contains\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">large amounts of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">poorly sorted <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">sand, gravel, and boulders<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">that have been\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">plucked\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">and pried\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">from the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1023\">bedrock<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">As t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">he\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a> slide across the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1023\">bedrock<\/a>, they <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">grind these\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediments<\/a> into\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">fin<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">powder<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0called <strong>rock flour<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">. Rock flour\u00a0acts\u00a0as fine grit\u00a0that polishes\u00a0the surface of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1023\">bedrock<\/a>\u00a0to a smooth finish\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">called<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1528\">glacial polish<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW174047054\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW174047054\">. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW68865754\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\">Larger roc<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW68865754\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\">k fragments scrape<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW68865754\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\"> over the surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW68865754\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW68865754\"> creating elongated grooves called<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1527\">glacial striations<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3541\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3541\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/5027919453_18b3de996d_z.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-859\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/5027919453_18b3de996d_z-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Shiny, reflective rock with aligned grooves.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/5027919453_18b3de996d_z-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/5027919453_18b3de996d_z-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/5027919453_18b3de996d_z-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/5027919453_18b3de996d_z-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/5027919453_18b3de996d_z.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3541\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A polished and striated rock in Yosemite.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3542\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3542\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Glacial_striation_21149.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-860\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Glacial_striation_21149-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Smoothed polished rock with grooves abraded into them. All of the groves are aligned in the same direction.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Glacial_striation_21149-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Glacial_striation_21149-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Glacial_striation_21149-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Glacial_striation_21149-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Glacial_striation_21149.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3542\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Glacial striations in Mt. Rainier National Park.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">A<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">lpine <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">produce<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0a variety\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">unique\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">erosional landforms<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">, such as U-shaped valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1529\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">ar\u00eate<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1530\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">cirque<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">tarn<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1531\">horns<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1532\">cols<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1533\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">hanging valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1534\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">truncated spur<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">In contrast,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\"> stream<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">-carved canyons have a V-shaped profile when viewed in cross-section. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">Glacial erosion transforms <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">former\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">V-shaped stream valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0into a U-shaped on<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW101128628\">. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">Glaciers<\/a> are typically wider than\u00a0streams\u00a0of similar length<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">,<\/span> and since <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a> tend to erode both at their bases and their sides, they erode<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span>V-shaped valleys\u00a0into\u00a0relatively flat-bottomed\u00a0broad valleys with<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u00a0<\/span>steep sides and a distinctive <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u201c<\/span>U<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW101128628\">\u201d<\/span>\u00a0shape. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW146244711\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW146244711\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW146244711\">As seen in the images<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW146244711\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW146244711\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW146244711\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Little Cottonwood Canyon near Salt Lake City, Utah was occupied by an <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_747\">Ice Age<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a> that extended down to the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1776\">mouth<\/a> of the canyon and into Lake Bonneville<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">Today, that<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">U-shaped valley\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">hosts <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">many erosional landforms<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\"> including<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">polished and striated rock surfaces.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">In contrast,<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">Big Cottonwood Canyon to the <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">north of Little Cottonwood Canyon<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0has\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">retained the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0V-shape in its lower p<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">ortion<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">, indicating that its<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">did not extend clear to its<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1776\">mouth<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">but was confined to its upper p<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW38439977 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">ortion<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW38439977 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW38439977 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines landscape aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3543\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3543\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/UshapedValleyUT.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-861 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/UshapedValleyUT-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"A valley with a u shape that shows steep cliffs on the sides and a wide-flat bottom\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/UshapedValleyUT-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/UshapedValleyUT-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/UshapedValleyUT-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/UshapedValleyUT-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/UshapedValleyUT.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3543\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The U-shape of the Little Cottonwood Canyon, Utah, as it enters into the Salt Lake Valley.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3544\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3544\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/V-shaped-Big-Cottonwood.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-862 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/V-shaped-Big-Cottonwood-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Big Cottonwood Canyon showing V-shape of river carving\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/V-shaped-Big-Cottonwood-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/V-shaped-Big-Cottonwood-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/V-shaped-Big-Cottonwood-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/V-shaped-Big-Cottonwood-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/V-shaped-Big-Cottonwood.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3544\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">V-shaped Big Cottonwood Canyon, carved by river.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4796\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4796\" style=\"width: 413px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formacion_Valle_glaciar.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-863\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formacion_Valle_glaciar-300x200.gif\" alt=\"By Cecilia Bernal (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia Commons\" width=\"413\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formacion_Valle_glaciar-300x200.gif 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formacion_Valle_glaciar-65x43.gif 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formacion_Valle_glaciar-225x150.gif 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formacion_Valle_glaciar-350x233.gif 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 413px) 100vw, 413px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4796\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Formation of a glacial valley. Glaciers change the shape of the valley from a \u00ab\u00a0V\u00a0\u00bb shape to a \u00ab\u00a0U\u00a0\u00bb.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">When\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a> carve\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">two U-shaped valleys\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">adjacent to each other, the <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">ridge\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">between them <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">tends to be sharpened into a sawtooth feature <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">called an<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1529\">ar\u00eate<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span> At the head of a glacially carved valley is a bowl-shaped feature called a <b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1530\">cirque<\/a>.<\/b> The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1530\">cirque<\/a> represents<b>\u00a0<\/b>where the head of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a> eroded the mountain by plucking rock away from it and the weight of the thick ice eroded out a bowl. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">After the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">is gone, the bowl at the bottom of the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1530\">cirque<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">often\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">fil<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">s with <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1785\">precipitation<\/a> and is <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">occupied by<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0a lake<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0called a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><strong>tarn<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0When<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">three or more mountain<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">erode h<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">eadward<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"> at their <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1530\">cirques<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">they<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">produce<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1531\">horns<\/a>,<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">steep-sided, spire-shaped mountains<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Low points along <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1529\">ar\u00eates<\/a> or between <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1531\">horns<\/a> are mountain passes termed <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1532\">cols<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Where a smaller <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1774\">tributary<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a> flows into a larger trunk glacier, the smaller <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a> cuts down less. Once the ice has gone, the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1774\">tributary<\/a> valley is left as a <b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1533\">hanging valley<\/a><\/b>, sometimes with a waterfall<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\"> plung<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW124291741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW124291741\">ing into the main valley<\/span><\/span><\/span>. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As the trunk <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a> straightens and widens a V-shaped valley and erodes the ends of side ridges<\/span>,<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a steep triangle-shaped cliff is formed called a <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1534\">truncated spur<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 1px\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 1px\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3545\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3545\" style=\"width: 200px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Thornton_Lakes_25929.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-864\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Thornton_Lakes_25929-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"A circular area near the top of a mountain that looks as if it had been scooped out.\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Thornton_Lakes_25929-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Thornton_Lakes_25929-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Thornton_Lakes_25929-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Thornton_Lakes_25929-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Thornton_Lakes_25929.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3545\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cirque with Upper Thornton Lake in the North Cascades National Park, Washington. Photo by Walter Siegmund.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 1px\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3546\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3546\" style=\"width: 176px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.4_Kinnerly_Peak-e1496423758756.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-865\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4_Kinnerly_Peak-e1496423758756-264x300.jpg\" alt=\"A large and very pointy (almost pyramid-like) mountain\" width=\"176\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4_Kinnerly_Peak-e1496423758756-264x300.jpg 264w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4_Kinnerly_Peak-e1496423758756-65x74.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4_Kinnerly_Peak-e1496423758756-225x255.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4_Kinnerly_Peak-e1496423758756-350x397.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4_Kinnerly_Peak-e1496423758756.jpg 504w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 176px) 100vw, 176px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3546\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a horn, Kinnerly Peak, Glacier National Park, Montana. Photo by USGS.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%;height: 1px\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3547\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3547\" style=\"width: 154px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Closeup_of_Bridalveil_Fall_seen_from_Tunnel_View_in_Yosemite_NP.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-866\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Closeup_of_Bridalveil_Fall_seen_from_Tunnel_View_in_Yosemite_NP-231x300.jpg\" alt=\"U-shaped valley feeding into another, lower u-shaped valley. A waterfall forms where the higher valley meet the lower valley.\" width=\"154\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Closeup_of_Bridalveil_Fall_seen_from_Tunnel_View_in_Yosemite_NP-231x300.jpg 231w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Closeup_of_Bridalveil_Fall_seen_from_Tunnel_View_in_Yosemite_NP-65x84.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Closeup_of_Bridalveil_Fall_seen_from_Tunnel_View_in_Yosemite_NP-225x292.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Closeup_of_Bridalveil_Fall_seen_from_Tunnel_View_in_Yosemite_NP-350x454.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Closeup_of_Bridalveil_Fall_seen_from_Tunnel_View_in_Yosemite_NP.jpg 508w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 154px) 100vw, 154px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3547\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bridalveil Falls in Yosemite National Park, California, is a good example of a hanging valley.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"max-width: 500\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4770\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4770\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-867\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.1-Erosional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4770\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this interactive activity via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.4.2 Depositional Glacial Landforms<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3548\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3548\" style=\"width: 390px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Diamictite_Mineral_Fork.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-868\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Diamictite_Mineral_Fork-300x210.jpg\" alt=\"Very large boulder, dark in color, with smaller boulders &quot;floating&quot; inside of it.\" width=\"390\" height=\"273\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Diamictite_Mineral_Fork-300x210.jpg 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Diamictite_Mineral_Fork-65x45.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Diamictite_Mineral_Fork-225x157.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Diamictite_Mineral_Fork-350x245.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Diamictite_Mineral_Fork.jpg 739w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 390px) 100vw, 390px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3548\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Boulder of diamictite of the Mineral Fork Formation, Antelope Island, Utah, United States.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">D<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">epositional land<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">forms and materials<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\"> a<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">re\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">produced from deposits <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">left behind\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">a retreating\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">. All glacial deposits are called drift. These<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">include<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW137500191 BCX0\">till, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1535\">tillites<\/a>,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">diamictite<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_732\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">terminal moraine<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_733\">recessional moraines<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_734\">lateral moraines<\/a>,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_735\">medial moraines<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_736\">ground moraines<\/a>,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">silt, <\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_737\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">outwash plain<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">, glacial\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_738\">erratics<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_739\">kettles<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_739\">kettle<\/a> lak<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">es,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW137500191 BCX0\">cr<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">vasse<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_741\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">esker<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">kames<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_742\">drumlins<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW137500191 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137500191 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange CommentStart SCXW137500191 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">Glacial ice carries <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">a lot of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">, which when <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">deposited <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">by a melting<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a> <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">is called<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">till<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">. Till is<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">poorly sorted with grain sizes ranging from clay and silt to pebbles and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW103962435 BCX0\">boulders. These clasts may be<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0striated<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">Many <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">depositional landforms <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">are<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">composed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">till.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">The term <strong>t<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">illite<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\"> refers to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">ithified rock<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\"> having\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">glacial\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">origin<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW210279578\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210279578\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW103962435 BCX0\">Diamicti<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW103962435 BCX0\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW103962435 BCX0\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">refer<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">lithified rock that contains <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">wide range of clast sizes; this includes glacial till but <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">is a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0more<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1722\">objective<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">and descriptive term for any rock with a wide range of clast sizes<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW103962435 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103962435 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW103962435 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">M<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">oraine<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">s are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">mounded deposits consistin<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">g <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">glacial<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">till<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">carried\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">the glacial ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">rock fragments <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">dislodged <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">by<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">mass wasting<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">from the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">U-shaped\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">valley<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW132689848\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\"> walls<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW132689848\">. <span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">The<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">acts like\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW116743166 BCX0\">a conveyor belt, carrying<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">and depositing\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">at the end\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">along the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">sides of the<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">ice flow<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">. Because\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">in the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">is always flowing downslope,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">all <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a> have <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_731\">moraines<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">build up <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">at <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">their terminus<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">, even those <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">not <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">advanc<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW116743166 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW116743166 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">M<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">oraine<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">s are classified by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">their\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">location<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> with respect to the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">. A<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_732\">terminal moraine<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">is a ridge\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">of<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">till<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">located\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">at the end or <strong>terminus<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">ecessional <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_731\">moraines<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">left as <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> retreat and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> there are pauses in the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">retreat<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">Lateral m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">oraines<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> accumulate<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0along the side<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> of the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> from<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">material mass wasted <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">from<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">the valley walls<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">. When two <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1774\">tributary<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">merge, the two<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_734\">lateral moraines<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">combine to form a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_735\">medial moraine<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> running down the center of the combined g<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">lacier<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> G<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">round <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_731\">moraine<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">is a veneer<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">till<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> left<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\"> on the land <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">as the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a> melts<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW100777196 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100777196 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW100777196 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3549\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3549\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-869\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1-300x142.jpg\" alt=\"Large linear hills composed of till, aligned with the &quot;U&quot; shaped mouths of canyons.\" width=\"300\" height=\"142\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1-300x142.jpg 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1-1024x484.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1-768x363.jpg 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1-1536x727.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1-65x31.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1-225x106.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1-350x166.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/UGA02-0787-n7b-1.jpg 1917w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3549\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lateral moraines of Little Cottonwood and Bell canyons, Utah.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3550\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3550\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/14.4_Nuussuaq-peninsula-moraines-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3550\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4_Nuussuaq-peninsula-moraines-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"Thick lines of sediment in the middle of the glacial ice.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3550\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Medial moraines where tributary glaciers meet. At least seven tributary glaciers from upstream have joined to form the trunk glacier flowing on out of the upper left of the picture.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In addition to\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_731\">moraines<\/a>,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a> <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">leave behind other depositional landforms.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Silt, sand, and gravel produced by t<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">he intense grinding process\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">are carried by <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">treams\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">of water <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">deposit<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ed<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in front of the glacier in an area called the <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_737\">outwash plain<\/a><\/strong>. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Retreating <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a> <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">may leave behind large boulders <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">that do<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">n<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2019<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">t<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0match the local\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1023\">bedrock<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. T<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">hese are called\u00a0<strong>glacial\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_738\">erratics<\/a><\/strong>.\u00a0When\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1653\">continental<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">retreat<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">they can leave behind <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">large blocks of ice <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">within the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">till<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. These ice blocks melt\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">create a depression\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in the till\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">called\u00a0a\u00a0<strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_739\">kettle<\/a><\/strong><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">If the depression <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">later<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">fill<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> with water, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">it is called\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a\u00a0<strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_740\">kettle lake<\/a><\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">If m<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">eltwater\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">flowing over <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ice\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">surface <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">descends into\u00a0cr<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">vasses<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0in the ice<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">it\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">may find a channel and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">continue<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0to\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">flow\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sinuous\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">channels <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">within or\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">at\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the base of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">W<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ithin or\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">under\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1653\">continental<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, these streams<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0carry\u00a0<\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sediment<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">When the ice recedes,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> accumulated <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sediment<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">is deposited as a long sinuous ridge known as an <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_741\">esker<\/a><\/strong><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> Meltwater descending down through the ice or over the margins of the ice may <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">deposit\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">mound<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">of<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> till in<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">hills\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">called\u00a0<\/span><strong>kames<\/strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_742\">Drumlins<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\"> are<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">ommon in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1653\">continental<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">glacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">areas of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">Germany,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">New York<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">and Wisconsin<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">, where they typically are found in fields with <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">great numbers<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0A<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_742\">drumlin<\/a><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">is an elongated asymmetrical teardrop-shaped hill reflecting ice movement with its steepest side pointing upstream to the flow of ice and <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">its\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">streamlined<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\"> or <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">low<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">angle<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140630491 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\">\u00a0side<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140630491 BCX0\"> pointing downstream in the direction of ice movement.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW140630491 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3551\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3551\" style=\"width: 398px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Drumlins-in-Germany.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-871\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Drumlins-in-Germany-300x192.jpg\" alt=\"A small group of Ice Age drumlins in Germany.\" width=\"398\" height=\"255\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Drumlins-in-Germany-300x192.jpg 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Drumlins-in-Germany-1024x657.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Drumlins-in-Germany-768x493.jpg 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Drumlins-in-Germany-1536x985.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Drumlins-in-Germany-65x42.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Drumlins-in-Germany-225x144.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Drumlins-in-Germany-350x224.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Drumlins-in-Germany.jpg 1754w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 398px) 100vw, 398px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3551\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small group of Ice Age drumlins in Germany.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">Glacial scientists <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">debate the origins of d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">rumlin<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\"> A leading idea is that <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_742\">drumlins<\/a> are created from\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">accumulated <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">till\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">being <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">compress<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">ed and sculpted <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">under a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a> that retreated then advanced again over its own ground moraine<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">. Another idea is<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">that <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">meltwater\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">catastrophically\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">flood<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">ed <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">under the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">glacier<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\"> and carved the till into these streamlined mounds. Still another <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">proposes<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">the weight of the overlying<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\"> statically defor<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177843550 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">med the underlying till<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"FindHit SCXW177843550 BCX0\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">12,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177843550 BCX0\">13].<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW177843550 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-97\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-97\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"97\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"14.4_Glacial Depositional Features\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4771\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4771\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-872\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4.2-Depositional-Glaciers-Interactive-Activity-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4771\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this interactive activity via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.4.3 Glacial Lakes<\/span><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3553\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3553\" style=\"width: 291px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Verdi_Leak_in_The_Ruby_Mountains-e1496442171386.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-873\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Verdi_Leak_in_The_Ruby_Mountains-e1496442171386-269x300.jpg\" alt=\"A mountainous area with a circular bowl filled with a lake.\" width=\"291\" height=\"325\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Verdi_Leak_in_The_Ruby_Mountains-e1496442171386-269x300.jpg 269w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Verdi_Leak_in_The_Ruby_Mountains-e1496442171386-65x73.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Verdi_Leak_in_The_Ruby_Mountains-e1496442171386-225x251.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Verdi_Leak_in_The_Ruby_Mountains-e1496442171386-350x391.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Verdi_Leak_in_The_Ruby_Mountains-e1496442171386.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 291px) 100vw, 291px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3553\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tarn in a cirque.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Glacial l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">akes are common<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">ly<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">found\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">in alpine<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">environments. A lake <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">confined\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">within <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">glacial<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1530\">cirque<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW215909625 BCX0\">called <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">tarn<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">tarn\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">forms when the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0depression in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1530\">cirque<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">fills with<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">precipita<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">tion after the ice is gone<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Examples\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">of tarns\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">include <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Silver Lake near Brighton Ski resort<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\"> in <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Big Cottonwood Canyon<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">, Utah<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Avalanche Lake in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">Glacier<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">National Park<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW215909625 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">Montana<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215909625 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3554\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3554\" style=\"width: 392px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Paternoster-lakes.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-874\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Paternoster-lakes-300x249.jpg\" alt=\"Paternoster lakes\" width=\"392\" height=\"326\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Paternoster-lakes-300x249.jpg 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Paternoster-lakes-1024x851.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Paternoster-lakes-768x638.jpg 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Paternoster-lakes-65x54.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Paternoster-lakes-225x187.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Paternoster-lakes-350x291.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Paternoster-lakes.jpg 1103w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 392px) 100vw, 392px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3554\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paternoster lakes<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">When <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">r<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">ecessional <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_731\">moraines<\/a><\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">create a series of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">isolate<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">d<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">basins in a glaciated valley<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">, the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">resulting <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">chain of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">lakes<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW188391974 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188391974 BCX0\">called<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_743\">paternoster lakes<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Lakes filled by glacial meltwater often looks milky due to finely ground material called rock flour suspended in the water.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3555\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3555\" style=\"width: 386px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-875\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York-300x222.jpg\" alt=\"Satellite view of Finger Lakes region of New York\" width=\"386\" height=\"286\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York-1024x758.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York-768x568.jpg 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York-65x48.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York-225x167.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York-350x259.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Satellite-photo-of-Finger-Lakes-region-of-New-York.jpg 1228w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 386px) 100vw, 386px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3555\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Satellite view of Finger Lakes region of New York<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">L<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ong<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0glacially carved depressions\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">filled with <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">water\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">are known as <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_744\">finger lakes<\/a>.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_745\">Proglacial lakes<\/a><\/strong> form along the edges of\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">all the largest\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1653\">continental<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">ice sheets<\/a>, such as Antarctica and Greenland<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">T<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">he\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1658\">crust<\/a>\u00a0is\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">depressed\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">isostatically by the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">overlying <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ice<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">sheet\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">these\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">basins fill with<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">glacial<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">meltwater<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Many such lakes, some of them huge, existed at various times along the southern edge of the Laurentide<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">Ice Sheet<\/a>.<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">Lake Agassiz<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Manitoba,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0Canada,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0is a<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">classic<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">example of a\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_745\">proglacial lake<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">Lake Winnipeg serv<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">es<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0as the remnant of\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a much larger\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">proglacial<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">lake.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3556\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3556\" style=\"width: 629px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Agassiz.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-876\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Agassiz.jpg\" alt=\"Map showing a large lake covering the central part of Canada.\" width=\"629\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Agassiz.jpg 629w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Agassiz-300x229.jpg 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Agassiz-65x50.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Agassiz-225x172.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Agassiz-350x267.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 629px) 100vw, 629px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3556\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Extent of Lake Agassiz<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Other<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_745\">proglacial lakes<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">were\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">formed when<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">dammed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">rivers<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"> and flooded\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">river\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">valley<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">A\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">classic example is<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Lake <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Missoula,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">which <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">formed <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">when\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">a lobe of the Laurentide ice <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">sheet blocked\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">the Clark Fork<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">River <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">about 18,000 years ago. Over about 2000 years th<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">e ice <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">dam\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">holding back Lake Missoula failed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0several times<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">During each breach, the lake emptied across parts of eastern Washington, Oregon, and Idaho <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">into the Columbia River Valley\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">eventually\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">the Pacific Ocea<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">. After each breach, t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">he dam reformed and the lake refilled. Each breach produced a <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">catastrophic<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0flood <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">over a few days<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Scientists<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">estimate<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">this\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">cycle of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">ice dam,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_745\">proglacial lake<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">, and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">torrential <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_985\">massive<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">flooding happened at least 25 times over <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">span<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\"> of 20 <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">centuries<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">. The <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">rate of each <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">outflow\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">is believed to have\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">equaled <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">combined\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">discharge<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">of all\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">Earth\u2019s current<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">rivers<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW122677941 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">combined<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122677941 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW122677941 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3557\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3557\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-877 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington-300x198.jpg\" alt=\"Channeled Scablands showing hhuge putholes and erided surface\" width=\"300\" height=\"198\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington-1024x677.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington-768x507.jpg 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington-225x149.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington-350x231.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/View-of-the-Channeled-Scablands-of-Eastern-Washington.jpg 1509w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3557\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">View of Channeled Scablands in eastern Washington showing huge potholes and massive erosion<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The landscape produced by these <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_985\">massive<\/a> floods is preserved in the Channeled Scablands of Idaho, Washington, and Oregon<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3558\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3558\" style=\"width: 827px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Lake_bonneville_map.svg_.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-878\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Lake_bonneville_map.svg_.png\" alt=\"Map of the western United States during the Pleistocene showing several large lakes, one of the more notable is Lake Bonneville, which drained northwest to the Pacific ocean.\" width=\"827\" height=\"711\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Lake_bonneville_map.svg_.png 558w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Lake_bonneville_map.svg_-300x258.png 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Lake_bonneville_map.svg_-65x56.png 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Lake_bonneville_map.svg_-225x194.png 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Lake_bonneville_map.svg_-350x301.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 827px) 100vw, 827px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3558\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluvial lakes in the western United States<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_746\">Pluvial lakes<\/a> form in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">humid <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">environments that <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">experience<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">low temperatures and high <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1785\">precipitation<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">During the last<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_747\">glaciation<\/a>, most of the western United States<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u2019 <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">climate<\/a> was<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">cool<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">er<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"> and more humid than today<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Under these low-evaporation conditions, m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">any large\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">lakes<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW212414377 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">called<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_746\">pluvial lakes<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">formed in the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">basins of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1514\">Basin and Range<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Province<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Two of the largest<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">were<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Bonneville<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Lahontan.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Lahontan was<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0in northwestern Nevada.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">The figure illustrates the tremendous size of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Bonneville<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">, which occupied <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">much of western Utah and into eastern Nevada<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">The lake\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">level <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">fluctuated\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">greatly\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">over the centuries<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">leaving several pronounced\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW212414377 BCX0\">old\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">shorelines<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">marked by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">wave-cut terraces<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">. The<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">se<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0old shorelines<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">can be seen on mountain slopes <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">throughout\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">western\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">portion\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Utah<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0including\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Salt Lake Valley<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">, indicating that <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the now heavily urbanized valley\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">was once filled with hundreds of feet of water<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Bonneville<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\">&lsquo;s<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">level peaked around 18,000 years\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW212414377 BCX0\">ago<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW212414377 BCX0\"> when a breach occurred at <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Red Rock Pass\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Idaho <span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW212414377 BCX0\">and<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\">water\u00a0<\/span>spilled<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0into the Snake<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">River<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">The flooding <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">rapidly lowered the lake level and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">scoured <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the Idaho\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">land<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">scape across <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Pocatello\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">V<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">alley,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Snake River Plain, and Twin Falls<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0The flood<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">waters<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">ultimately <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">flowed into\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the Columbia<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">River<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">across\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">part of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">the scablands area<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"> at an <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">incredible<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">discharge<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">rate\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">about\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">4,750\u00a0<\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">cu\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">km<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\/sec<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun Subscript SCXW212414377 BCX0\" data-fontsize=\"11\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">1,1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">40\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><strong>cu<\/strong> <strong>m<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\/sec<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">For comparison, this discharge rate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">would <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">drain the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">volume of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">Lake Michigan<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">completely dry <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">within\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW212414377 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">a few\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212414377 BCX0\">days.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3559\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3559\" style=\"width: 395px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/The-great-lakes.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-879\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/The-great-lakes-300x176.jpg\" alt=\"The five grteat lakes occupy basins left by the ice sheet in the Ice Age.\" width=\"395\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/The-great-lakes-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/The-great-lakes-1024x601.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/The-great-lakes-768x451.jpg 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/The-great-lakes-65x38.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/The-great-lakes-225x132.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/The-great-lakes-350x205.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/The-great-lakes.jpg 1183w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3559\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The great lakes<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">The<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">five\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW50486173\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">reat\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">akes<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">North America<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">upper Midwest<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">proglacial<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0lakes\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">originat<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0during\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">he last <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_747\">ice age<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">lake\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">basins were<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">originally\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">carved by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">the<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">encroaching <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1653\">continental<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">ice sheet<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">. The basins were later e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">xposed\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">as the ice retreated about 14,000 years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0and filled by precipitat<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW50486173\">io<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW50486173\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW50486173\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW50486173\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-98\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-98\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"98\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"14.4 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4769\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4769\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-880\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4769\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.4 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.5 Ice Age Glaciations<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">A<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_747\">glaciation<\/a> <\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">or<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_747\">ice age<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0occurs when the Earth\u2019s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">climate<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">becomes <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">cold enough that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1653\">continental<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">ice sheets<\/a><\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">expand, covering large areas of land. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">F<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">our major<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0well<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">documented<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_747\">glaciations<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">have occurred\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">in Earth\u2019s history:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW139904772 BCX0\">one\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">during the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1257\">Archean<\/a>-early<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1261\">Proterozoic<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1242\">Eon<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">2.5 billion years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">another in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">late<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1261\">Proterozoic<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1242\">Eon<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">~<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">700 million\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">;\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">another in the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">Pennsylvanian<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">323 to 300 million years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"> and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">most recent<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">ly during the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"> Pliocene-Pleistocene<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1245\">epochs<\/a> starting<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">2.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"> million years ago<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">(<\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW139904772 BCX0\" href=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/8-earth-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"FieldRange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">Chapter 8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">).<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">Some scientists also recogni<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">ze a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0minor<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_747\">glaciation<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">around 440 million years ago in Africa<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139904772 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW139904772 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The best<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">studied<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_747\">glaciation<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">is, of course, the most recent.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW73716761\">This\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink BCX0 SCXW73716761\" href=\"http:\/\/xkcd.com\/1732\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"FieldRange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW73716761\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">infographic<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">illustrates the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">glacial<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">climate<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">changes over the last 20,000 years<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0ending with\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">those caused by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">human\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">actions<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0since the Industrial Revolution.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">Pliocene<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">-Pleistocene<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_747\">glaciation<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">was <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">a series of several<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">glacial<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">cycles,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW73716761\">possibly 18<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"> in total<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">Antarctic ice<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1667\">core<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">record<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">s exhibit\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">especially strong evidence\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">for eight<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">glacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">advances\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">occurring\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">within the last 420,000 years<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">16]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The last of these<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"> is<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">known in popular media as\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_747\">Ice Age<\/a>,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"> but <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">geologists\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">refer to it as the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">ast<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">lacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">M<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">aximum<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">The glacial advance<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\"> reached its maximum between 26,500<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">19,000 years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW73716761\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">10,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73716761\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">17]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73716761\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.5.1 Causes of Glaciations<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">laciations<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">occur<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">due to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">both long-<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">term<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0and short<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">term factors.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW260108912 BCX0\">In the geologic sense, long-term means a\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW260108912 BCX0\">scale of tens<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\"> to hundred<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">millions of years<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\"> and short-term means a scale of hundreds<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\"> to thousands of<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">year<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW260108912 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260108912 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">ong-term causes <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">include <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1654\">plate tectonics<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">breaking up the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1701\">supercontinents<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW256485117 BCX0\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">see\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW256485117 BCX0\" href=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/2-plate-tectonics\/%22%20\/l%20%2226_The_Wilson_Cycle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"FieldRange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">Wilson Cycle, Chapter 2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">),<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">moving land masses<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\"> to high latitudes <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">near\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">the north or south\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">pol<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">es<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">, and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">chang<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\"> ocean circulation<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW256485117 BCX0\">For exa<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">mple, the closing of the Panama Strait and isolation of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">may have triggered a change in prec<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">ipitation cycles, which combined with a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">cooling\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">climate<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\"> to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW256485117 BCX0\">help expand the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">ice sheets<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW256485117 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3560\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3560\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-881 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic-300x182.jpg\" alt=\"Atomospheric CO2 has declined during the Cenozoic from a maximum in the Paleocene-Eocene up to the Industrial Revolution.\" width=\"300\" height=\"182\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic-300x182.jpg 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic-768x466.jpg 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic-65x39.jpg 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic-225x137.jpg 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic-350x213.jpg 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/CO2-in-the-Cenozoic.jpg 978w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3560\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Atomospheric CO2 has declined during the Cenozoic from a maximum in the Paleocene-Eocene up to the Industrial Revolution.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">hort-term causes of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">glacial<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">fluctuations are attributed\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">the cycles\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW56177997 BCX0\">Earth<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">rotational<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_503\">axis<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">variations in the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">earth\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">orbit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">around the Sun which <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">affect<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\"> the distance between <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">Earth and the Sun<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">. C<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">alled\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_748\">Milankovitch Cycles<\/a>, these cycles <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">affect\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">the amount of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">incoming solar radiation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">caus<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\"> short-term cycles of warming and cooling<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56177997 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW56177997 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">D<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">uring the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_488\">Cenozoic<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0E<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">ra<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">, <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">carbon dioxide levels\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">steadily decreased from a maximum in the Paleocene<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">causing <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">climate<\/a> to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">gradual<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">ly<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">cool<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">. By the Pliocene, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">ice sheets<\/a> began to form. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">effects of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_748\">Milankovitch Cycles<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">created <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">short-term <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">cycles of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">warming and\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW22219492\">cooling<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">within the larger <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_747\">glaciation<\/a> event. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_748\">Milankovitch Cycles<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">are three orbital changes named after the Serbian\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW22219492\">astronomer Milutan Milankovitch. The three orbital changes are<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">called\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_749\">precession<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_750\">obliquity<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">, and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_751\">eccentricity<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">P<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">recession\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">the wobbling of Earth\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_503\">axis<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">with a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1244\">period<\/a> of about 21,000 years<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_750\">obliquity<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">is changes in <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">the angle of Earth\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_503\">axis<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">with a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1244\">period<\/a> of about 41,000 years<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_751\">eccentricity<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0is<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">variations <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">Earth\u2019s orbit around the sun leading to changes in distance from the sun <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">with a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1244\">period<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0of 93,000 years<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW22219492\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">19].\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">These\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">orbital changes created\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">41,000<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">year<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">-long<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">glacial&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">interglacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">Milankovitch Cycle<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0from\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">2.5 to 1.0 million years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">, followed by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">another\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">longer cycle of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">about\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">100,000 <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">years <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">from<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">1.0 million years ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">to today (see <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Milankovitch_cycles\">Milankovitch Cycles<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW22219492\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW22219492\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-99\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-99\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"99\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Milankovitch Cycles\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4773\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4773\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-882\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5.1-Causes-of-Glaciations-Interactive-Activity.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4773\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this interactive activity via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">Watch the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">video\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">to see\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">summari<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">es<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">of the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_747\">ice ages<\/a>,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153085562 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">including\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">their characteristics<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153085562 BCX0\">\u00a0and causes.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW153085562 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4776\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4776\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-883\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ice-Ages-Climate-Cycles-Youtube-QR-Code.png 1155w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4776\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Ice Ages &amp; Climate Cycles\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yNiMhjPHPu0?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">14.5.2 Sea-Level Change and Isostatic Rebound<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">W<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">hen<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">melt and retreat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0two things happen<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">:<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">water runs off into the ocean\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">causing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0sea<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">evel<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">s to rise<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0worldwide<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">land, <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">released from its\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">heavy\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">covering of ice, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\">rises <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">due\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_754\">isostatic rebound<\/a><\/strong>. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">S<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ince the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ast<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">lacial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">M<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">aximum about 19,000 years\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ago<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW53103755 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">sea<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0ha<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0risen about\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\">125 m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">400 f<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">t<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">A <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">global\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">change in sea level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0is called<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_752\">eustatic<\/a><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">sea-level<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">change<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">During\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">a warming trend, s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ea<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">level<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"> rises\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">due to more water being added to the ocean and also thermal<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0expansion<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"> of sea water<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\">About half of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">Eart<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">h&rsquo;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_752\">eustatic<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">sea-level rise during the last c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">ntury has been the result of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">melting<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0and about half due to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">thermal expansion<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"FindHit SCXW53103755 BCX0\">[<\/span>21,<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\">22]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">hermal expansion\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">describes <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">how\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">a solid, liquid, or gas expands in volume\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">with an <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">increase in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1767\">temperature<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">. T<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">his<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW53103755 BCX0\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/QNoE5IoRheQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">30 second video<\/span><\/span><\/a> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">demonstrat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">es<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0thermal expansion with the classic brass ball and ring<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53103755 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1731\">experiment<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4774\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4774\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-884\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ball-and-Ring-Rate-of-Expansion-and-Contraction-Youtube-QR-Code.png 1155w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4774\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-3\" title=\"Ball and Ring: Rate of Expansion and Contraction\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/QNoE5IoRheQ?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">Relative\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level change<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">\u00a0includes\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">vertical movement of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">both <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_752\">eustatic<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level and <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">continents on tectonic <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1669\">plates<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">. In oth<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">er words, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level change is measure<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">d<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">relative to<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">land<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\"> elevation<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">For example, i<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">f the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">land rises a lot and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level rises\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">only\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">a little<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">then\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">relative\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">sea-level would appear to d<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">rop<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW186787110 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186787110 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW186787110 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Continents sitting on <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1668\">lithosphere<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">can\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">move vertically\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">upward\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">as a result of two main processes,\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1654\">tectonic<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0uplift<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0and\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_754\">isostatic rebound<\/a>.\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1654\">Tectonic<\/a>\u00a0uplift occurs\u00a0when\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1654\">tectonic<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1669\">plates<\/a>\u00a0collide\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">see\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/2-plate-tectonics\/%22%20\/l%20%22232_Collisions\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Chapter 2<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">).<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Isosta<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">tic rebound <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">describes the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">upward <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">movement of <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">lithospher<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ic <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1658\">crust<\/a> sitting on top of the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">asthenospheric<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0layer below it.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1653\">Continental<\/a> c<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">rust b<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">earing\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the weight of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1653\">continental<\/a> ice<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0sinks into\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1671\">asthenosphere<\/a> displacing it<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">After the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">ice sheet<\/a> melts away, the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1671\">asthenosphere<\/a> flows back in and continental c<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">rust<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">floats<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> back upward<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1755\">Erosion<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">can\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">also create <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_754\">isostatic rebound<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> by removing large masses like mountains<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> and transporting the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> away (think of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_479\">Mesozoic<\/a> removal of the Alleghanian Mountains and the uplift of the Appalachian plateau; <a href=\"https:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/8-earth-history\/\">Chapter 8<\/a>)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, alb<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">eit\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">this process occurs more<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> slowly than<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0relatively rapid\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> melting<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW93511452 BCX0\">Th<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">e isostatic<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">rebound<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\"> map below shows rates of vertical crustal movement worldwide.<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">he <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">highest re<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">bound rate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">is indicated by the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">blue-to-purp<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">le\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">zones (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">top<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">\u00a0end of the scale<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">The orange<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">-to-red zones\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">(bottom end of the scale)\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">surrounding the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">high-rebound zones indicate <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">isostatic lowering as adjustments in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">displaced<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW93511452 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">subcrustal material <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">have taken place<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93511452 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW93511452 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3561\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3561\" style=\"width: 512px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/PGR_Paulson2007_Rate_of_Lithospheric_Uplift_due_to_PGR.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-885\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/PGR_Paulson2007_Rate_of_Lithospheric_Uplift_due_to_PGR.png\" alt=\"Rate of lithospheric uplift due to Postglacial Rebound, as modelled by Paulson, A\" width=\"512\" height=\"396\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/PGR_Paulson2007_Rate_of_Lithospheric_Uplift_due_to_PGR.png 512w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/PGR_Paulson2007_Rate_of_Lithospheric_Uplift_due_to_PGR-300x232.png 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/PGR_Paulson2007_Rate_of_Lithospheric_Uplift_due_to_PGR-65x50.png 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/PGR_Paulson2007_Rate_of_Lithospheric_Uplift_due_to_PGR-225x174.png 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/PGR_Paulson2007_Rate_of_Lithospheric_Uplift_due_to_PGR-350x271.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3561\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rate of isostatic rebound.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">Most<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">glacial<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_754\">isostatic rebound<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">is occurring where<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0continental ice sheets rapidly\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">melted<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0about\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">19,000 years ago<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">such as\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">Canada and Scandinavia<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">. Its effects can be seen\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">wherever<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_747\">Ice Age<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">ice or water bodies\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">are or were\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">present on<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1653\">continental<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">surfaces<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">terraces<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">on <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">river<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">floodplains that cross these areas.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_754\">Isostatic rebound<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">occurred in Utah when the water from Lake Bonneville\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">drained\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW170198648 BCX0\">away <span data-contrast=\"auto\">[23]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW170198648 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0North America&rsquo;s Great Lakes also exhibit e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">mergent coastline<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">features<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0caused by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_754\">isostatic rebound<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">since the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1653\">continental<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">ice\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\">sheet\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW170198648 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW170198648 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW170198648 BCX0\">retreated.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW170198648 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-100\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-100\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"100\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"14.5 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4772\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4772\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-886\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/14.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4772\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 14.5 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<p><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">Glaciers<\/a> form when average annual snowfall exceeds melting and snow compresses into glacial ice. There are three types of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a>, alpine or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1518\">valley glaciers<\/a> that occupy valleys, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">ice sheets<\/a> that cover <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1653\">continental<\/a> areas, and ice caps that cover smaller areas usually at higher elevations. As the ice accumulates, it begins to flow downslope and outward under its own weight.\u00a0Glacial ice is divided into two zones, the upper rigid or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1661\">brittle<\/a> zone where the ice cracks into <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1521\">crevasses<\/a> and the lower plastic zone where under the pressure of overlying ice, the ice bends and flows exhibiting <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1660\">ductile<\/a> behavior. Rock material that <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1749\">falls<\/a> onto the ice by mass wasting or is plucked and carried by the ice is called <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_731\">moraine<\/a> and acts as grinding agents against the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1023\">bedrock<\/a> creating significant <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1755\">erosion<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">Glaciers<\/a> have a budget of income and expense. The zone of income for the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a> is called the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1523\">Zone of Accumulation<\/a>, where snow is converted into <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1520\">firn<\/a> then ice by <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_493\">compression<\/a> and recrystallization, and the zone of expense called the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1524\">Zone of Ablation<\/a>, where ice melts or sublimes away. The line separating these two zones latest in the year is the Equilibrium or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1520\">Firn<\/a> Line and can be seen on the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a> separating bare ice from snow covered ice. If the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1522\">glacial budget<\/a> is balanced, even though the ice continues to flow downslope, the end or terminus of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a> remains in a stable position. If income is greater than expense, the position of the terminus moves downslope. If expense is greater than income, a circumstance now affecting <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">ice sheets<\/a> worldwide due to global warming, the terminus recedes. If this situation continues, the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a> will disappear. An average of cooler summers affects the stability or growth of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a> more than higher snowfall. As the Greenland and Antarctic <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">ice sheets<\/a> flow seaward, the edges calve off forming icebergs.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">Glaciers<\/a> create two kinds of landforms, erosional and depositional. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1517\">Alpine glaciers<\/a> carve U-shaped valleys and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_731\">moraine<\/a>\u00a0carried in the ice polishes and grooves or striates the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1023\">bedrock<\/a>. Other landscape features produced by <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1755\">erosion<\/a> include <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1531\">horns<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1529\">ar\u00eate<\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> ridges, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1530\">cirques<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1533\">hanging valleys<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1532\">cols<\/a>, and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1534\">truncated spurs<\/a>. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1530\">Cirques<\/a> may contain eroded basins that are occupied by post glacial lakes called tarns. Depositional features result from deposits left by retreating ice called drift. These include till, and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_731\">moraine<\/a> deposits (terminal, recessional, lateral, medial, and ground), <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_741\">eskers<\/a>, kames, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_739\">kettles<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_740\">kettle lakes<\/a>, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_738\">erratics<\/a>, and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_742\">drumlins<\/a>. A series of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_733\">recessional moraines<\/a> in glaciated valleys may create basins that are later filled with water to become <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_743\">paternoster<\/a> lakes. Glacial meltwater carries fine grained <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> onto the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_737\">outwash plain<\/a>. Lakes containing glacial meltwater are milky in color from suspended finely ground rock flour. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_747\">Ice Age<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">climate<\/a> was more humid and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1785\">precipitation<\/a> that did not become <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glacier<\/a> ice filled regional depressions to become <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_746\">pluvial lakes<\/a>. Examples of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_746\">pluvial lakes<\/a> include Lake Missoula dammed behind an <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1519\">ice sheet<\/a> lobe and Lake Bonneville in Utah whose shoreline remnants can be seen on mountainsides. Repeated breaching of the ice lobe allowed Lake Missoula to rapidly drain causing <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_985\">massive<\/a> floods that scoured the Channeled Scablands of Idaho, Washington, and Oregon.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this Chapter.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-101\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-101\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"101\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter 14 Review\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4775\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4775\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/03\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-887\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ch.14-Review-QR-Code.png 1147w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4775\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the review quiz for Chapter 14 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><b>References<\/b><\/h2>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\">\n<ol>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Allen, P.A., and Etienne, J.L., 2008, Sedimentary challenge to <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_766\">Snowball Earth<\/a>: Nat. Geosci., v. 1, no. 12, p. 817\u2013825.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Berner, R.A., 1998, The carbon cycle and carbon dioxide over <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1269\">Phanerozoic<\/a> time: the role of land plants: Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., v. 353, no. 1365, p. 75\u201382.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Cunningham, W.L., Leventer, A., Andrews, J.T., Jennings, A.E., and Licht, K.J., 1999, Late Pleistocene\u2013<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_490\">Holocene<\/a> marine conditions in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: evidence from the diatom record: The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_490\">Holocene<\/a>, v. 9, no. 2, p. 129\u2013139.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Deynoux, M., Miller, J.M.G., and Domack, E.W., 2004, Earth\u2019s Glacial Record: World and Regional Geology, Cambridge University Press, World and Regional Geology.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Earle, S., 2015, Physical geology OER textbook: BC Campus OpenEd.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Eyles, N., and Januszczak, N., 2004, \u201cZipper-<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1702\">rift<\/a>\u201d: a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1654\">tectonic<\/a> model for Neoproterozoic <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_747\">glaciations<\/a> during the breakup of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1263\">Rodinia<\/a> after 750 Ma: Earth-Sci. Rev.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Francey, R.J., Allison, C.E., Etheridge, D.M., Trudinger, C.M., and others, 1999, A 1000\u2010year high precision record of \u03b413C in atmospheric CO2: Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Gutro, R., 2005, NASA &#8211; What\u2019s the Difference Between <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_756\">Weather<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">Climate<\/a>? Online, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/noaa-n\/climate\/climate_weather.html\">http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/noaa-n\/climate\/climate_weather.html<\/a>, accessed September 2016.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Hoffman, P.F., Kaufman, A.J., Halverson, G.P., and Schrag, D.P., 1998, A neoproterozoic <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_766\">snowball earth<\/a>: Science, v. 281, no. 5381, p. 1342\u20131346.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Kopp, R.E., Kirschvink, J.L., Hilburn, I.A., and Nash, C.Z., 2005, The Paleoproterozoic <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_766\">snowball Earth<\/a>: a climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., v. 102, no. 32, p. 11131\u201311136.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Lean, J., Beer, J., and Bradley, R., 1995, Reconstruction of solar irradiance since 1610: Implications for <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">climate<\/a> cbange: Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 22, no. 23, p. 3195\u20133198.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Levitus, S., Antonov, J.I., Wang, J., Delworth, T.L., Dixon, K.W., and Broccoli, A.J., 2001, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_764\">Anthropogenic<\/a> warming of Earth\u2019s <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">climate<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1742\">system<\/a>: Science, v. 292, no. 5515, p. 267\u2013270.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Lindsey, R., 2009, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">Climate<\/a> and Earth\u2019s Energy Budget\u202f: Feature Articles: Online, <a href=\"http:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\">http:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov<\/a>, accessed September 2016.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">North Carolina State University, 2013a, Composition of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1745\">Atmosphere<\/a>:<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">North Carolina State University, 2013b, Composition of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1745\">Atmosphere<\/a>: Online, <a href=\"http:\/\/climate.ncsu.edu\/edu\/k12\/.AtmComposition\">http:\/\/climate.ncsu.edu\/edu\/k12\/.AtmComposition<\/a>, accessed September 2016.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Oreskes, N., 2004, The scientific consensus on <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">climate<\/a> change: Science, v. 306, no. 5702, p. 1686\u20131686.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Pachauri, R.K., Allen, M.R., Barros, V.R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ, R., Church, J.A., Clarke, L., Dahe, Q., Dasgupta, P., Dubash, N.K., Edenhofer, O., Elgizouli, I., Field, C.B., and others, 2014, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">Climate<\/a> Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">Climate<\/a> Change (R. K. Pachauri &amp; L. Meyer, Eds.): Geneva, Switzerland, IPCC, 151 p.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Santer, B.D., Mears, C., Wentz, F.J., Taylor, K.E., Gleckler, P.J., Wigley, T.M.L., Barnett, T.P., Boyle, J.S., Br\u00fcggemann, W., Gillett, N.P., Klein, S.A., Meehl, G.A., Nozawa, T., Pierce, D.W., and others, 2007, Identification of human-induced changes in atmospheric moisture content: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., v. 104, no. 39, p. 15248\u201315253.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Schopf, J.W., and Klein, C., 1992, Late <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1261\">Proterozoic<\/a> Low-Latitude Global <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_747\">Glaciation<\/a>: the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_766\">Snowball Earth<\/a>, <i>in<\/i> Schopf, J.W., and Klein, C., editors, The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1261\">Proterozoic<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1747\">biosphere\u202f<\/a>: a multidisciplinary study: New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 51\u201352.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Webb, T., and Thompson, W., 1986, Is vegetation in equilibrium with <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">climate<\/a>? How to interpret late-<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_491\">Quaternary<\/a> pollen data: Vegetatio, v. 67, no. 2, p. 75\u201391.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Weissert, H., 2000, Deciphering methane\u2019s fingerprint: Nature, v. 406, no. 6794, p. 356\u2013357.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Whitlock, C., and Bartlein, P.J., 1997, Vegetation and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">climate<\/a> change in northwest America during the past 125 kyr: Nature, v. 388, no. 6637, p. 57\u201361.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Wolpert, S., 2009, New NASA <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1767\">temperature<\/a> maps provide a \u2018whole new way of seeing the moon\u2019: Online, <a href=\"http:\/\/newsroom.ucla.edu\/releases\/new-nasa-temperature-maps-provide-102070\">http:\/\/newsroom.ucla.edu\/releases\/new-nasa-temperature-maps-provide-102070<\/a>, accessed February 2017.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K., 2001, Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">climate<\/a> 65 Ma to present: Science, v. 292, no. 5517, p. 686\u2013693.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"media-attributions clear\" prefix:cc=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/ns#\" prefix:dc=\"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/\"><h2>Mention de la source du contenu multim\u00e9dia<\/h2><ul><li >Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178       <\/li><li >Greenland       <\/li><li >Greenland_ice_sheet_AMSL_thickness_map       <\/li><li >Steve Earle_antarctic-greenland-2-300&#215;128       <\/li><li >Snow-Dome-ice-cap       <\/li><li >Vatnajokull-ice-cap-in-Iceland       <\/li><li >Maximum-extent-of-Laurentide-ice-sheet       <\/li><li >14.1 Did I Get It QR Code       <\/li><li >Chevron_Crevasses_00       <\/li><li >Glaciereaston       <\/li><li >Steve Earle_ice flow and stress       <\/li><li >14.2 Did I Get It QR Code       <\/li><li >ice-flow-2       <\/li><li >Geirangerfjord_(6-2007)       <\/li><li >Time-Lapse Proof of Extreme Ice Loss TED Talk Video QR Code       <\/li><li >14.3 Did I Get It QR Code       <\/li><li >GlacialPolish       <\/li><li >Glacial_striation_21149       <\/li><li >UshapedValleyUT       <\/li><li >V-shaped Big Cottonwood       <\/li><li >Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formaci\u00f3n_Valle_glaciar       <\/li><li >Thornton_Lakes_25929       <\/li><li >Kinnerly_Peak       <\/li><li >Closeup_of_Bridalveil_Fall_seen_from_Tunnel_View_in_Yosemite_NP       <\/li><li >14.4.1 Erosional Glaciers Interactive Activity QR Code       <\/li><li >Diamictite_Mineral_Fork       <\/li><li >UGA02-0787-n7b       <\/li><li >Drumlins in Germany       <\/li><li >14.4.2 Depositional Glaciers Interactive Activity QR Code       <\/li><li >Verdi_Leak_in_The_Ruby_Mountains-e1496442171386       <\/li><li >Paternoster lakes       <\/li><li >Satellite photo of Finger Lakes region of New York       <\/li><li >Agassiz       <\/li><li >View of the Channeled Scablands of Eastern Washington       <\/li><li >Lake_bonneville_map.svg_       <\/li><li >The great lakes       <\/li><li >14.4 Did I Get It QR Code       <\/li><li >CO2 in the Cenozoic       <\/li><li >14.5.1 Causes of Glaciations Interactive Activity       <\/li><li >Ice Ages &amp; Climate Cycles Youtube QR Code       <\/li><li >Ball and Ring Rate of Expansion and Contraction Youtube QR Code       <\/li><li >Map showing greatest rebound rates in the areas of recent glaciation.       <\/li><li >14.5 Did I Get It QR Code       <\/li><li >Ch.14 Review QR Code       <\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">d\u00e9finition<\/span><template id=\"term_888_1516\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1516\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Component of the gravitational force which pushes material downslope.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1522\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1522\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A slope, that by natural or human activity, becomes steeper than the angle of repose.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1988\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1988\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_747\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_747\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>https:\/\/waterdata.usgs.gov\/nwis\/dv\/?ts_id=143976&amp;format=img_default&amp;site_no=404356111503901&amp;set_arithscale_y=on&amp;begin_date=19750718&amp;end_date=19890930<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_757\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_757\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Photo credit to Louis J. Maher, Jr.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_754\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_754\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>QR Code generated with QRCode Monkey. All generated QR Codes are 100% free and can be used for whatever you want. This includes all commercial purposes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1746\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1746\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A geologic circumstance (such as a fold, fault, change in lithology, etc.) which allows petroleum resources to collect.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1744\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1744\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A rock that contains material which can be turned into petroleum resources. Organic-rich muds form good source rocks.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1781\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1781\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1520\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1520\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Empty space in a geologic material, either within sediments, or within rocks. Can be filled by air, water, or hydrocarbons.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_2420\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_2420\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1745\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1745\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Rocks which allow petroleum resources to collect or move.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1909\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1909\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1518\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1518\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The relationship between shear force and normal force in a block of material on a slope. When shear force is greater than normal force, mass wasting can occur.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1519\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1519\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Slope angle where shear forces and normal forces are equal.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1517\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1517\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Component of the gravitational force which holds material on a slope.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1785\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1785\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1653\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1653\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Erosional rock face caused by sand abrasion.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1023\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1023\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Place where oceanic-oceanic subduction causes volcanoes to form on an overriding oceanic plate, making a chain of active volcanoes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_507\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_507\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>By G. Thomas at English Wikipedia [Public domain], <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3AStevensArchUT.jpg\">via Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1661\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1661\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A sedimentary structure that has inclined layers within an overall layer. Forms commonly in dunes, larger in eolian dunes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1521\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1521\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An event that causes a landslide event. Water is a common trigger.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1756\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1756\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Carbonate rock that reacts with hot magmatic fluids, creating concentrated ore deposits, which include copper, iron, zinc, and gold.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1755\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1755\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Oxidation that occurs in sulfide deposits which can concentrate valuable elements like copper.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1523\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1523\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Detached, free-falling rocks from very steep slopes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1525\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1525\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A landslide that moves a long an internal plane of weakness.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_2172\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_2172\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_2414\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_2414\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1526\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1526\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Large and mysterious landslides that travel for long distances.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_2295\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_2295\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1244\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1244\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A rock made of primarily silt.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1528\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1528\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Plastic moving, fine-grained type of flow.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1527\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1527\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A mixture of coarse material and water, channeled and flowing downhill rapidly.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1529\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1529\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Very slow movement of the soil downhill.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1530\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1530\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A combination of evaporation and transpiration from plants, which is a measure of water entering the atmosphere.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1531\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1531\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Water that flows over the surface.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1532\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1532\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Water that works its way down into the subsurface.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1533\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1533\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Water that is below the surface.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1534\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1534\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The area within a topographic basin or drainage divide in which water collects.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_2212\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_2212\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1776\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1776\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The measure of degrees north or south from the equator, which has a latitude of 0 degrees.&nbsp; The Earth's north and south poles have latitudes of 90 degrees north and south, respectively.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1774\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1774\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Loose blocks of rock that fall down from steep surfaces and cover slopes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1990\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1990\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1535\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1535\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Topographic prominence which sheds water into a specific drainage basin.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1989\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1989\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_732\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_732\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mississippiriver-new-01.png#metadata<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_733\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_733\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>QR Code generated with QRCode Monkey. All generated QR Codes are 100% free and can be used for whatever you want. This includes all commercial purposes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_734\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_734\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_735\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_735\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p><i>Karte: <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/User:NordNordWest\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"de:User:NordNordWest\">NordNordWest<\/a>, Lizenz: <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/de\/legalcode\">Creative Commons by-sa-3.0 de<\/a><\/i> [<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/de\/deed.en\">CC BY-SA 3.0 de<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3ABangladesh_adm_location_map.svg\">via Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_736\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_736\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>By Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA\/GSFC [Public domain], <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3ANile_River_and_delta_from_orbit.jpg\">via Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_737\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_737\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Source: W.D. Johnson; From Gilbert, 1890, G.K. Lake Bonneville; https:\/\/pubs.er.usgs.gov\/publication\/m1<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_738\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_738\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>USGS GK Gilbert 1909 https:\/\/www.sciencebase.gov\/catalog\/item\/51dc6e2ae4b097e4d3837a63<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_739\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_739\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>own work<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_741\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_741\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>QR Code generated with QRCode Monkey. All generated QR Codes are 100% free and can be used for whatever you want. This includes all commercial purposes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_742\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_742\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>QR Code generated with QRCode Monkey. All generated QR Codes are 100% free and can be used for whatever you want. This includes all commercial purposes. <\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1722\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1722\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Data which is out of the ordinary and does not fit previous trends.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_2188\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_2188\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_731\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_731\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>QR Code generated with QRCode Monkey. All generated QR Codes are 100% free and can be used for whatever you want. This includes all commercial purposes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_740\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_740\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>http:\/\/www.antarcticglaciers.org\/students-3\/geography-a-level-2\/a-level-geography-fieldwork-investigation\/ <\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_743\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_743\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>QR Code generated with QRCode Monkey. All generated QR Codes are 100% free and can be used for whatever you want. This includes all commercial purposes. <\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_744\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_744\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>By USGS [Public domain], <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3AVadose_zone.gif\">via Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_745\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_745\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Source: Indiana Department of Natural Resources http:\/\/www.in.gov\/dnr\/water\/7258.htm<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1658\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1658\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Dangerous flooding that occurs in arid regions.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_985\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_985\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The thin, outer layer of the Earth which makes up the rocky bottom of the ocean basins. It is made of rocks similar to basalt, and as it cools, even become more dense than the upper mantle below.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_2214\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_2214\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_746\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_746\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>QR Code generated with QRCode Monkey. All generated QR Codes are 100% free and can be used for whatever you want. This includes all commercial purposes. <\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1514\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1514\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Any downhill movement of material, caused by gravity.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_2240\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_2240\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1257\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1257\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Limestone made of primarily fine-grained calcite mud. Microscopic fossils are commonly present.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1261\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1261\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Discernible layers of rock, typically from a sedimentary rock.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1242\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1242\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Extremely thin bedding in mudstones, a characteristic of shale.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1245\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1245\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A rock made primarily of clay.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1667\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1667\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The process that turns non-desert land into desert.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1654\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1654\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Rock with abraded surfaces formed in deserts.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1701\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1701\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Lake that fills a glacial valley.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_503\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_503\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>By Inglesenargentina (talk) (Uploads) (Own work) [Public domain], <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3ABell-shaped-curve.JPG\">via Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_748\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_748\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>By Peter Kapitola (Own work) [<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.5\">CC BY-SA 2.5<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3ADarcy's_Law.png\">via Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_488\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_488\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>By Krishnavedala (Own work) [<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/deed.en\">CC0<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3AHalf_times.svg\">via Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_749\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_749\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Heath, R. C. (1983). Basic ground-water hydrology (No. Water-Supply Paper 2220). [Washington, D.C.]; Alexandria, Va.: U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved from http:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/wsp\/2220\/report.pdf<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_750\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_750\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>https:\/\/water.usgs.gov\/edu\/graphics\/wcartificialrecharge.gif<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_751\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_751\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>QR Code generated with QRCode Monkey. All generated QR Codes are 100% free and can be used for whatever you want. This includes all commercial purposes. <\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_2399\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_2399\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_752\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_752\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Source: Paul Inkenbrandt (Knudsen et al. 2014)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1767\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1767\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Sedimentary rocks made of mineral grains weathered as mechanical detritus of previous rocks, e.g. sand, gravel, etc.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1731\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1731\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A proven commodity of profitable material that could be mined.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1669\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1669\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Glaciers that form in cool or mountainous areas.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1668\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1668\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A body of ice that moves downhill under its own mass.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1671\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1671\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Thick glaciers that cover continents during ice ages.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_479\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_479\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>QR Code generated with QRCode Monkey. All generated QR Codes are 100% free and can be used for whatever you want. This includes all commercial purposes. <\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1968\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1968\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1660\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1660\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A vast stretch of sand dunes.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1749\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1749\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Minerals with a luster similar to metal and contain metals, including valuable elements like lead, zinc, copper, tin, etc.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_493\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_493\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>By Zkeizars (Own work) [<a href=\"http:\/\/www.gnu.org\/copyleft\/fdl.html\">GFDL<\/a> or <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0\">CC BY-SA 4.0-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3AKeizars_TLexplained2.jpg\">via Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1998\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1998\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1524\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1524\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Movement of regolith along a curved slip plane.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_2273\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_2273\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_766\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_766\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>By Matt Affolter<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1269\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1269\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A specific type of sedimentary structure (ripples, plane beds, etc.) linked to a specific flow regime.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_490\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_490\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>by Robert A. Rohde<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1961\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1961\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1702\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1702\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Lake that forms next to a glacier because of crustal loading.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1263\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1263\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The study of rock layers and their relationships to each other within a specific area.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_756\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_756\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>By McKay Savage from London, UK [<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\">CC BY 2.0<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3AChina_-_Yangshuo_14_-_karst_peaks_tower_over_the_paddy_fields_(140904310).jpg\">via Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_764\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_764\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><figure id=\"attachment_3413\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3413\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/bend2.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-699 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2021\/12\/bend2-1024x436.jpg\" alt=\"Entrenched meander of the Colorado River, downstream of Page, Arizona. High cliffs, that lead down to a river with narrow shores.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"436\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3413\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Entrenched meander of the Colorado River, downstream of Page, Arizona.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>11 Water<\/h1>\n<h4><b>KEY CONCEPTS<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3414\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3414\" style=\"width: 364px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/640px-Aqueduct_of_Segovia_08.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-700\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/640px-Aqueduct_of_Segovia_08-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"364\" height=\"273\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3414\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Example of a Roman aqueduct in Segovia, Spain.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38754758\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38754758\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38754758\">Describe the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38754758\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38754758\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38754758\">processes<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38754758\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38754758\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38754758\">\u00a0of the water cycle<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW197926192\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW197926192\">Describe drainage basins, watershed protection, and water budget<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW76897045 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW76897045 BCX0\">Describe reasons for water laws, who controls them, and how water is shared in the western U.S.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW36017110\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW36017110\">Describe zone of transport, zone of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> production, zone of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1757\">deposition<\/a>, and equilibrium<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW97979262\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW97979262\">Describe stream landforms: channel types, alluvial fans, floodplains, natural levees, deltas, entrenched meanders, and terraces<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW13072825 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW13072825 BCX0\">Describe the properties required for a good aquifer; define confining layer water table<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW108299043 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108299043 BCX0\">Describe three major groups of water contamination and three types of remediation<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">Describ<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\"> karst topography<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">, how\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">it is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">created,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW51411932 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51411932 BCX0\">the landforms that characterize it<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All life on Earth requires water. \u00a0The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1744\">hydrosphere<\/a> (Earth\u2019s water) is an important agent of geologic change. Water shapes our planet by depositing <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1765\">minerals<\/a>, aiding <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1760\">lithification<\/a>, and altering rocks after they are lithified. Water carried by <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1680\">subducted<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1659\">oceanic<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1669\">plates<\/a> causes <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1686\">flux\u00a0melting<\/a> of upper <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1664\">mantle<\/a> material. Water is among the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1684\">volatiles<\/a> in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1750\">magma<\/a> and emerges at the surface as steam in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_228\">volcanoes<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3415\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3415\" style=\"width: 199px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/4650720277_e5ff788fc0_z.jpg\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-701\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/4650720277_e5ff788fc0_z-199x300.jpg\" alt=\"Mayan stone figure with a long elephant-like nose representing a water deity.\" width=\"199\" height=\"300\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3415\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chac mask in Mexico.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Humans rely on suitable water sources for consumption, agriculture, power generation, and many other purposes. In pre-industrial civilizations, the powerful controlled water resources <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">1<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">2<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0 As shown in the figures, two thousand year old Roman aqueducts still grace European, Middle Eastern, and North African skylines<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0Ancient Mayan architecture depicts water imagery such as frogs, water-lilies, water fowl to illustrate the importance of water in their societies <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">3<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10523279\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0 In the drier lowlands of the Yucatan Peninsula, mask facades of the hooked-nosed rain god, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chac <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(or <em>Chaac)<\/em><\/span>\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are prominent on Mayan buildings such as the Kodz Poop (Temple of the Masks, sometimes spelled <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW77517608\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW77517608\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW77517608\">Coodz<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW77517608\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW77517608\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW77517608\">\u00a0Poop<\/span><\/span><\/span>) at the ceremonial site of Kabah. To this day government c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ontrolled water continues to be an integral part of most modern societies.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.1 Water Cycle<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3416\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3416\" style=\"width: 385px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.2watercycle-page.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-702\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.2watercycle-page-300x209.jpg\" alt=\"The water cycle.\" width=\"385\" height=\"268\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3416\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The water cycle.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The water cycle is the continuous circulation of water in the Earth's <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1745\">atmosphere<\/a>. During circulation, water\u00a0 changes between solid, liquid, and gas (water vapor) and changes location. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW39602649 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW39602649 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39602649 BCX0\">The processes involved\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW39602649 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW39602649 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39602649 BCX0\">in the water cycle\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW39602649 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW39602649 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39602649 BCX0\">are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1785\">precipitation<\/a>, and runoff.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW39602649 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evaporation is the process by which a liquid is converted to a gas. Water evaporates when solar energy warms the water sufficiently to excite the water molecules to the point of vaporization. Evaporation occurs from oceans, lakes, and streams\u00a0and the land surface. Plants <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">contribute significant amounts of water vapor as a byproduct of photosynthesis called transpiration <\/span><\/span>that occurs through the minute pores of plant leaves<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">The term\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">evapotranspiration<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">refers to<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">these two sources of water entering the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1745\">atmosphere<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">\u00a0and is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW207464996\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW207464996\">commonly used by g<\/span><\/span><\/span>eologists.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW11741361 BCX0\">Water vapor is invisible. Condensation is the process of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\">w<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\">ater vapor\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\">transitioning to a liq<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\">uid<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\">Winds carry<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW11741361 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW11741361 BCX0\"> water vapor <\/span><\/span><\/span>in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1745\">atmosphere<\/a> long distances. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">When\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">vapor<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">cools or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">when air masses of different temperatures mix<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW11741361\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11741361\"> water vapor may condense back into droplets of liquid water. <\/span><\/span><\/span>These water droplets usually form around a microscopic piece of dust or salt called condensation nuclei.<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW215532585\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">he<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">se<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\"> small d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">roplets of liquid\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">suspended in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1745\">atmosphere<\/a> become<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\"> visible <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">as<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW215532585\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">\u00a0in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW215532585\">a cloud.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW82462577 BCX0\">Water droplets inside c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">louds\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">collide and stick<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">\u00a0together<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">, growing into larger<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\"> droplets. O<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">nce<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW82462577 BCX0\">water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">droplets\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">become <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">big enough, they fall to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">E<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">arth as<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW82462577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82462577 BCX0\">rain, snow, hail, or sleet.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW82462577 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1785\">precipitation<\/a> has reached the Earth's surface, it can evaporate or flow as <strong>runoff<\/strong> into streams, lakes, and eventually back to the oceans. \u00a0Water in streams and lakes is called surface water.\u00a0 Or water can also <strong>infiltrate<\/strong> into the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_250\">soil<\/a> and fill the pore spaces in the rock or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> underground to become <strong>groundwater<\/strong>. Groundwater slowly moves through rock and unconsolidated materials. Some groundwater may reach the surface again, where it discharges as springs, streams, lakes, and\u00a0 the ocean. Also, surface water in streams and lakes can infiltrate again to recharge groundwater. \u00a0Therefore, the surface water and groundwater systems are connected.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4554\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4554\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/The-Water-Cycle-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-medium wp-image-703\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/The-Water-Cycle-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4554\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<p><i><\/i><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-74\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-74\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"74\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.1 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4536\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4536\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-704\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.1-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4536\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.1 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.2 Water Basins and Budgets<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3417\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3417\" style=\"width: 226px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6-Hydrographic_basin.svg_.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-705\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.6-Hydrographic_basin.svg_-300x296.png\" alt=\"Map view of a drainage basin with main trunk streams and many tributaries with drainage divide in dashed red line.\" width=\"226\" height=\"223\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3417\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map view of a drainage basin with main trunk streams and many tributaries with drainage divide in dashed red line.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The basic unit of division of the landscape is the <b>drainage basin<\/b>, also known as a\u00a0<b>catchment<\/b>\u00a0or <b>watershed. It<\/b> is the area of land that captures <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1785\">precipitation<\/a> and contributes runoff to a stream or stream segment <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW83290690\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW83290690\">4]<\/span>. <strong>Drainage divides<\/strong> are local topographic high points that separate one drainage basin from another <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW190510073\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW190510073\">5<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW190510073\">]<\/span>. Water that falls on one side of the divide goes to one stream, and water that falls on the other side of the divide goes to a different stream. Each stream, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1774\">tributary<\/a> and streamlet has its own drainage basin. In areas with flatter topography, drainage divides are not as easily identified but they still exist<span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26145523\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW26145523\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26145523\">6<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26145523\">]<\/span>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3418\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3418\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/1024px-EN_Bazinul_hidrografic_al_Raului_Latorita_Romania.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-706 size-medium\" title=\"By Asybaris01\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/1024px-EN_Bazinul_hidrografic_al_Raului_Latorita_Romania-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"Oblique view of the drainage basin and divide of the Latorita River, Romania.\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3418\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oblique view of the drainage basin and divide of the Latorita River, Romania.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The headwater is where the stream begins. Smaller <b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1774\">tributary<\/a> <\/b>streams combine downhill to make the larger trunk of the stream. The <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1776\">mouth<\/a><\/strong> is where the stream finally reaches its end. The mouth of most streams is at the ocean. However, a rare number of streams do not flow to the ocean, but rather end in a <b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1777\">closed basin<\/a><\/b> (or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1777\">endorheic basin<\/a>) where the only outlet is evaporation. Most streams in the Great <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_508\">Basin<\/a> of Western North America end in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1777\">endorheic basins<\/a>. For example, in Salt Lake County, Utah, Little Cottonwood Creek and the Jordan River flow into the endorheic Great Salt Lake where the water evaporates.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3419\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3419\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Ocean_drainage.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-707 size-full\" title=\"By Citynoise at English Wikipedia \" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ocean_drainage.png\" alt=\"Major drainage basins color coded to match the related ocean. Closed basins (or endorheic basins) are shown in gray.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"535\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3419\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Major drainage basins color coded to match the related ocean. Closed basins (or endorheic basins) are shown in gray.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW135665434 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW135665434 BCX0\">Perennial streams flow all year round. <\/span><\/span><b>Perennial streams<\/b> occur in humid or temperate climates where there is sufficient rainfall and low evaporation rates. \u00a0Water levels rise and fall with the seasons, depending on the discharge. <b>Ephemeral streams<\/b> flow only during rain events or the wet season. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">n arid climates<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">\u00a0like Utah, many<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">streams<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">are<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">ephemeral.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">These\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">streams\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">occur in dry climates with low amounts of rainfall and high evaporation rates. Their channels are <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\">often<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\">\u00a0<\/span>dry washes\u00a0or\u00a0arroyos\u00a0for much of the year and t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">heir sudden flow causes <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1506\">flash floods<\/a> <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW92545693\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW92545693\">7<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW92545693\">]<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW135665434\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW135665434\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Along Utah\u2019s Wasatch Front,\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73071915\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73071915\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73071915\">the urban area extending north<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73071915\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73071915\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73071915\">\u00a0to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW73071915\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW73071915\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW73071915\">south from Brigham City to Provo,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>there are several watersheds that are designated as \u201cwatershed protection areas\u201d that limit the type of use allowed in those drainages in order to protect culinary water. \u00a0Dogs and swimming are limited in those watersheds because of the possibility of contamination by harmful bacteria and substances to the drinking supply of Salt Lake City and surrounding municipalities.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW230395698 BCX0\">Water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">in the water cycle\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">is very much like money in a personal budget. I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">ncome\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">includes<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1785\">precipitation<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">stream<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">groundwater<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">inflow<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">E<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">xpenses\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">include<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">groundwater<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">withdrawal, evaporation, and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">stream<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">groundwater<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">outflow. If the expenses outweigh the income, the water budget is not balanced<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">. In this case, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">removed from\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">savings<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">, i.e. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">storage<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">if available.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">Reservoirs, snow<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">ice,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_250\">soil<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">moisture, and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">aquifers<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">all\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">serve<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">storage in a water budget.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">\u00a0In\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">dry regions, the water is critical for sustaining human activities<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">. U<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">nderstanding and managing\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\">the water budget<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230395698 BCX0\"> is an ongoing political and social challenge.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW230395698 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hydrologists create groundwater budgets within any designated area, but they are generally made for watershed (<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_508\">basin<\/a>) boundaries, because groundwater and surface water are easier to account for within these boundaries. Water budgets can be created for state, county, or aquifer extent boundaries as well. \u00a0The groundwater budget is an essential component of the hydrologic model; hydrologists use measured data with a conceptual workflow of the model to better understand the water <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1742\">system<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-75\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-75\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"75\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.2 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4537\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4537\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-708\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.2-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4537\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.2 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.3 Water Use and Distribution<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3420\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3420\" style=\"width: 431px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.4_Earth111Mod1Fig11.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-709\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.4_Earth111Mod1Fig11-300x274.png\" alt=\"Agricultural water use in the United States by state.\" width=\"431\" height=\"393\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3420\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Agricultural water use in the United States by state.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the United States, <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">1,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">34<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">4 billion<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>355 billion gallons) of ground and surface water are used each day, of which <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">8 billion<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW140405130\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW140405130\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW140405130\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>76 billion gallons) are fresh groundwater. \u00a0The state of California uses 16% of national groundwater <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW70803371\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW70803371\">8<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW70803371\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Utah is the second driest state in the United States. Nevada, having a mean statewide <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1785\">precipitation<\/a> of\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">31\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><\/span>12.2 inches) per year, is the driest. \u00a0Utah also has the second highest per capita rate of total domestic water use <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">632.16\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">L<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW225581329\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW225581329\">\u00a0(<\/span><\/span><\/span>167 gallonsL per <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">day per person <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW70803371\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW70803371\">8<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW70803371\">]<\/span>. \u00a0With the combination of relatively high demand and limited quantity, Utah is at risk for water budget deficits.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3421\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3421\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.4_trends-bar-2010.png\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-710\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.4_trends-bar-2010.png\" alt=\"Trends in water use by source\" width=\"610\" height=\"357\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3421\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trends in water use by source<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>11.3.1 Surface Water Distribution<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW10965646\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\">Fresh water is a precious resource and should not be taken for granted, especially in dry<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW10965646\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW10965646\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">climate<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW10965646\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW10965646\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10965646\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Surface water makes up only 1.2% of the fresh water available on the planet, and 69% of that surface water is trapped in ground ice and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_760\">permafrost<\/a>. \u00a0Stream water accounts for only 0.006% of all freshwater and lakes contain only 0.26% of the world\u2019s fresh water <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW253398420\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW253398420\">9<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW253398420\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Global circulation patterns are the most important factor in <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW37402210\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW37402210\">distributi<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW37402210\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\">ng<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW37402210\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\">\u00a0surface water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW37402210\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\">through\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW37402210\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1785\">precipitation<\/a><\/span><\/span>. D<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ue to the Coriolis effect and the uneven heating of the Earth, air rises near the equator and near latitudes 60\u00b0 north and south. A<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ir sinks at the poles and latitudes 30\u00b0 north and south\u00a0 (see <a href=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/testcloneglossaryterms\/chapter\/13-deserts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"FieldRange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">Chapter 13<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>). <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">\u00a0Land masses near rising air are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">more\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">prone to humid and wet climates<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">. Land masses near<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">sinking air<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">, which<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">\u00a0inhibits<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1785\">precipitation<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">a<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234167386\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">re prone to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234167386\">dry conditions <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW166247515\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW166247515\">10<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW166247515\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW166247515\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW166247515\">11<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW166247515\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Prevailing winds, ocean circulation patterns such as the Gulf Stream\u2019s effects on eastern North America, rain shadows (the dry leeward sides of mountains), and even the proximity of bodies of water can affect local <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">climate<\/a> patterns. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW133046679 BCX0\">When\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">this moist\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">air <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">collides with the nearby moun<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">tains causing it to rise and cool, the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">moisture\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">may <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">fall<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">out\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">as snow or rain on nearby areas<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">in\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">a phenomenon known as\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">\u201c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">lake-effect<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1785\">precipitation<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133046679 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133046679 BCX0\">\u201d <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW2109339\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW2109339\">12<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW2109339\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3422\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3422\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/pageprecip_us3.png\"><img class=\"size-large wp-image-711\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/pageprecip_us3-1024x789.png\" alt=\"Distribution of precipitation in the United States.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"789\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3422\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Distribution of precipitation in the United States. The 100th Meridian is approximately where the average precipitation transitions from relatively wet to dry. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the United States, the 100th meridian <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">roughly marks the boundary between the humid and arid parts of the country. Growing crops west of the 100th meridian requires irrigation <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW93504855\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW93504855\">13<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW93504855\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In the west, surface water is stored in reservoirs and mountain snowpacks <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW59410485\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW59410485\">14<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW59410485\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, then strategically released through a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1742\">system<\/a> of canals during times of high water use.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some of the driest parts of the western United States are in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1514\">Basin and Range<\/a> Province. The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1514\">Basin and Range<\/a> has multiple mountain ranges that are oriented north to south. \u00a0Most of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_508\">basin<\/a> valleys in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1514\">Basin and Range<\/a> are dry, receiving less than <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW239353099\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW239353099\">30\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW239353099\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW239353099\">c<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW239353099\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW239353099\">m\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW239353099\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW239353099\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>12 inches) of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1785\">precipitation<\/a> per year. However, some of the mountain ranges can receive more than 1<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW239353099\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW239353099\">.52 m\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW239353099\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW239353099\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW239353099\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>60 inches) of water as snow or snow-water-equivalent. The snow-water equivalent is the amount of water that would result if the snow were melted, as the snowpack is generally much thicker than the equivalent amount of water that it would produce <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW74073591\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW74073591\">12<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW74073591\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>11.3.2 Groundwater Distribution<\/b><\/h3>\n<table class=\"center\" style=\"width: 723px;\" summary=\"Data table showing one estimate of global water distribution. Where and how much water is located in, on, and above the earth.\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 86.7969px; background-color: #b8f2e8; border-color: #030303;\">\n<th style=\"height: 86.7969px; width: 253px; text-align: center;\">Water source<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 86.7969px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">Water volume<\/p>\n<p>(cubic miles)<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 86.7969px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">Fresh water (%)<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 86.7969px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">Total water (%)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Oceans, Seas, &amp; Bays<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">321,000,000<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">--<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">96.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 56px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 56px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Ice caps, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">Glaciers<\/a>, &amp; Permanent Snow<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 56px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">5,773,000<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 56px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">68.7<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 56px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">1.74<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Groundwater<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">5,614,000<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">--<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">1.69<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 -- Fresh<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">2,526,000<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">30.1<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">\u00a0\u00a00.76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 -- Saline<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">3,088,000<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">--<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">\u00a0\u00a00.93<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_250\">Soil<\/a> Moisture<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">3,959<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.05<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Ground Ice &amp; <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_760\">Permafrost<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">71,970<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.86<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.022<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Lakes<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">42,320<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">--<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 -- Fresh<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">21,830<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.26<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.007<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 -- Saline<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">20,490<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">--<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.006<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1745\">Atmosphere<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">3,095<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.04<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Swamp Water<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">2,752<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.03<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.0008<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Rivers<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">509<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.006<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.0002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"even\" style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 253px; text-align: left;\">Biological Water<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 179px; text-align: center;\">269<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 123px; text-align: center;\">0.003<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 113px; text-align: center;\">0.0001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 56px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 56px; width: 668px;\" colspan=\"4\"><span class=\"smaller\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">Source: Igor Shiklomanov's chapter \"World fresh water resources\" in Peter H. Gleick (editor), 1993, Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources (Oxford University Press, New York)[zotpressInText item=\"{P7VGIQT4}\" format=\"%num%\" brackets=\"yes\" separator=\"comma\"]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Groundwater makes up 30.1% of the fresh water on the planet, making it the most abundant reservoir of fresh water accessible to most humans. \u00a0The majority of freshwater, 68.7%, is stored in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a> and ice caps as ice<span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW74300989\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW74300989\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW74300989\">9<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW74300989\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0 As the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a> and ice caps melt due to global warming, this fresh water is lost as it flows into the oceans.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-76\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-76\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"76\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.3 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4538\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4538\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-712\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.3-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4538\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.3 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.4 Water Law<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Federal and state governments have put laws in place to ensure the fair and equitable use of water. In the United States, the states are tasked with creating a fair and legal <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1742\">system<\/a> for sharing water. <\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>11.4.1 Water Rights<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because of the limited supply of water, especially in the western United States, states disperse a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1742\">system<\/a> of legal <strong>water rights<\/strong> defined as a claim to a portion or all of a water source, such as a spring, stream, well, or lake<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0Federal law mandates that states control water rights, with the special exception of federally reserved water rights, such as those associated with national parks and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_976\">Native<\/a> American tribes, and navigation servitude that maintains navigable water bodies. Each state in the United States has a different way to disperse and manage water rights. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A person, entity, company, or organization, must have a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1773\">water right<\/a> to legally extract or use surface or groundwater in their state. \u00a0Water rights in some western states are dictated by the concept of prior appropriation, or \u201cfirst in time, first in right,\u201d where the person with the oldest <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1773\">water right<\/a> gets priority water use during times when there is not enough water to fulfill every <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1773\">water right<\/a>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Colorado River and its tributaries pass through a desert region, including seven states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, California), <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_976\">Native<\/a> American reservations, and Mexico. As the western United States became more populated and while California was becoming a key agricultural producer, the states along the Colorado River realized that the river was important to sustaining life in the West. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">o guarantee\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">certain\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><em>perceived<\/em>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">water rights<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">, the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">se western states<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">recognized\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW184366708\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW184366708\">that<\/span><\/span><\/span> a water budget was necesary for the Colorado River <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_508\">Basin<\/a>. Thus was enacted the Colorado River Compact in 1922 to ensure that each state got a fair share of the river water. The Compact granted each state a specific volume of water based on the total measured flow at the time. \u00a0However, in 1922, the flow of the river was higher than its long-term average flow, consequently, more water was allocated to each state than is typically available in the river <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW136464619\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW136464619\">16<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW136464619\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">Over the next several decades<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">lawmakers\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">have\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">made\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">many other agreements and modifications\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">regarding <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">the Colorado<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">River<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">Compact,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">including\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">those\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">agreements\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">that brought about the Hoover\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">Dam\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">(formerly Boulder Dam)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">Glen Canyon Dam<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW112536447\"> and a treaty between the American and Mexican governments. <span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW112536447\">Co<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\">llectively<\/span>, the agreements\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\">are referred to <\/span>as\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\">\u201c<\/span>The Law of the\u00a0River\"<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\">by the United States Bureau of\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW112536447\">Reclamation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW112536447\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">Despite adjustments to the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">Colorado River Compact<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0many believe that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">Colorado<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">River<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">is still <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">over-allocat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">as the <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">Colorado<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">River <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\">flow<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8127879\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">no longer reaches the Pacific Ocean, its original terminus (base level).<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8127879\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">Dams along<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">Colorado<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">River<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">have <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">caus<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">ed water to<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0diver<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0and evaporat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">, creating<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">serious water budget concerns in the Colorado<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">River<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">B<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW247511937\">asin. Predicted drought associated with global warming\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">is\u00a0<\/span>caus<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">ing<\/span>\u00a0additional concerns about\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">over-allocati<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">ng<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">Colorado<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">River<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">flow<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">in the future<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">.<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW247511937\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Law of the River highlights the complex and prolonged nature of interstate water rights agreements, as well as the importance of water.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4552\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4552\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/The-Colorado-River-Compact-of-1922-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-713\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/The-Colorado-River-Compact-of-1922-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4552\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW156675929\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\">Snake Valley straddles the border of Utah and Nevada with<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\"> m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\">ore of the irrigable land area lying on the Utah side of the border.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW156675929\"> <span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW156675929\">In 1989, the Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA) submitted applications for water rights to pipe<\/span>\u00a0up to\u00a0<span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">191<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">189<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">70<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">cu m<\/span><\/span>\u00a0(<span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">155,000 ac<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\">-ft<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW156675929\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\">)<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\">\u00a0<\/span>of water per year\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\">(an acre-foot of water is one acre covered with water one foot deep)\u00a0<\/span>from\u00a0Spring, Snake,\u00a0Delamar, Dry Lake, and Cave <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW156675929\">v<\/span>alleys to southern Nevada,\u00a0 mostly for Las Vegas<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW15730741\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW15730741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW15730741\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW15730741\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW15730741\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW15730741\">17<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW15730741\">]<\/span><\/span>. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW130227827\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW130227827\">Nevada and Utah have attempted a comprehensive agreement, but negotiations have not yet been settled.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"LineBreakBlob BlobObject DragDrop BCX0 SCXW130227827\"><span class=\"BCX0 SCXW130227827\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/apps\/MapJournal\/index.html?appid=79199afd183e459596e6e21315159354\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800px\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4560\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4560\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Groundwater-Issues-Story-Map-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-714\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Groundwater-Issues-Story-Map-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4560\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this interactive activity via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/story\/story.php?storyId=10953190\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NPR story on Snake Valley<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4551\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4551\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Snake-Valley-NPR-Story-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-715\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Snake-Valley-NPR-Story-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4551\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this NPR Story via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><iframe title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/10953190\/10956967\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=C-bE-gOOJlU\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SNWA History<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eCZ8KLrmUXo\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dean Baker Story<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4553\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4553\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/The-Consequences-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-716\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/The-Consequences-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4553\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>11.4.2 Water Quality and Protection<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Two major federal laws that protect water quality in the United States are the Clean Water Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act. \u00a0The Clean Water Act, an amendment of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, protects navigable waters from dumping and point-source pollution. The Safe Drinking Water Act ensures that water that is provided by public water suppliers, like cities and towns, is safe to drink <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW47373929\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW47373929\">18<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW47373929\">]<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">The<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW193906268\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">Superfund<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">program ensures the cleanup of hazardous contamination<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0and can be applied to situations of surface water and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">groundwater<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">contamination. It is part of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">Under this act, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">state governments and<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">can\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">use the superfund to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">pay for <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">remediat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">ion <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">of a <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">contaminated\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">site<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0and then file a lawsuit against the polluter\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">to recoup\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">the costs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW193906268\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">Or to avoid being sued, the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">pollut<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">r <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">that caused the contamination may<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">take direct action\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">or provide funds <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">remediat<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\"> the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">contamination<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW193906268\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW193906268\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-77\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-77\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"77\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.4 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4539\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4539\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-717\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.4-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4539\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.4 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.5 Surface Water<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Geologically, a <\/span><b>stream <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is a body of flowing surface water confined to a channel. Terms such as river, creek and brook are social terms not used in geology. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW52289593\">Streams<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">ero<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">and transport <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediments<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">, making<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">the<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">m the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">\u00a0most important agents\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">of\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">the earth\u2019s surface<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">along with wave action <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW201920896\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW201920896\">(see <a href=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/testcloneglossaryterms\/chapter\/12-shorelines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chapter 12<\/a>)<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">in<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">ero<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">ding\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">and transport<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediments<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">They create much of the surface topography and are an important water resource<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW52289593\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW52289593\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW266511203 BCX0\">Several factors cause<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">streams<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">to erode and transport<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a>, but the two main factors are<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">stream<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">channel gradient and velocity.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">Stream<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">channel\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">gradient is the slope of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"> stream usually expressed in meters per kilometer or feet per mile<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">. A steeper\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">channel\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">gradie<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">nt\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">promotes <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1755\">erosion<\/a>. When<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1654\">tectonic<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">forces\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2 SCXW266511203 BCX0\">elevate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0a mountain, the stream<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">gradient<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0increases,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">caus<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">ing<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"> mountain <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">stream<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">to erode downward and deepen its channel eventually forming a valley.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">Stream<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">channel\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">velocity<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">is the speed\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">at which channel water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">flow<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">s. Factors affecting channel v<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">elocity<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"> include channel gradient which decreases downstream, discharge and channel size which <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">increase<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\"> as tributaries coalesce, and channel roughness which decreases as <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> lining the channel walls decreases in size thus<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">reducing friction<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266511203 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP TrackedChange SCXW266511203 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\"> The combined effect of these factors is that channel velocity actually increases from mountain brooks to the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1776\">mouth<\/a> of the stream.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>11.5.1 Discharge<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>Stream size is measured in terms of <strong>discharge,<\/strong>\u00a0 the volume of water flowing past a point in the stream over a defined time interval. <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Volume is commonly measured in cubic units (length x width x depth), shown as feet<sup>3<\/sup><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (ft<sup>3<\/sup>) or meter<sup>3<\/sup> (m<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0Therefore, the units of discharge are cubic feet per second (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ft<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\/sec<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or cfs). <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">Therefore, the units of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">discharge<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cubic meters per second, (<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00b3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\/s or<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cms, or <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cubic feet per second (ft<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00b3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\/s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">ec<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 DefaultHighlightTransition SCXW114151887\">cfs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">). <\/span><\/span>Stream discharge increases downstream<b>.<\/b> Smaller streams have less discharge than larger streams. For example, the Mississippi River is the largest river in North America, with an average flow of about\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">16<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">990.1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cms<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">600,000\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cfs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">) <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW148589328\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW148589328\">19]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">For comparison, the average<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">discharge<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0the Jordan<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">River<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">at Utah Lake is about\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">16.25<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cms<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">574\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cfs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">) <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW117893300\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW117893300\">20<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW117893300\">]<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW117893300\">\u00a0<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and<span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">for\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">annual<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">discharge<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0of the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">Amazon<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">River<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">the world\u2019s largest<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">river<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">annual<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">discharge<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">is about\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">175,56<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 SCXW114151887\">cms<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">6,200,000\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 BCX0 DefaultHighlightTransition SCXW114151887\">cfs<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW114151887\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW114151887\">)<span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW23375202\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW23375202\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW23375202\">21<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW23375202\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discharge can be expressed by the following equation: <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Q = V A<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"21\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Q =\u00a0discharge\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">cms<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(or <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ft<sup>3<\/sup><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\/sec),<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"21\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A = cross-sectional area of the\u00a0stream\u00a0channel [width times average depth]<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> as <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">m<\/span><sup><span data-contrast=\"auto\">2<\/span><\/sup><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(or in<sup>2<\/sup> or ft<\/span><sup><span data-contrast=\"auto\">2<\/span><\/sup><span data-contrast=\"auto\">),<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:120,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"21\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">V = average channel velocity <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">m\/s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(or ft\/sec) <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW36958835\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW36958835\">7<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW36958835\">]<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW25992323 BCX0\">At a given location along the stream, velocity varies <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">with\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">stream<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">width<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">, s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">hape<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">, and depth <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">within the stream<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">channel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0as well<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">When<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">stream <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">channel<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0narrows but<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">discharge<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">remains constant, the same volume of water\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">must\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">flow<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0through\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0na<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">rrower space causing\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">velocity to increase, similar to putting a thumb over the end of a backyard water hose<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0In addition,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">uring\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW25992323 BCX0\">rain storms<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0or heavy snow melt,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">runoff<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">increase<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW25992323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0which increases<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">stream<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">discharge<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">and<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25992323 BCX0\">\u00a0velocity.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW133448488 BCX0\">When the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">stream <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">channel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">\u00a0curves, the highest velocity will be on the outside of the bend.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">W<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">hen the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">stream <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">channel<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">\u00a0is straight and uniform<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">ly dee<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">p<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">, the highest velocity is in the channel center <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">at the top of the water where it is the farthest from frictional contact with the <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">stream\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">channel\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">bottom and sides. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW133448488 BCX0\">In hydrology, the <em>thalweg<\/em> of a rive<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">r is the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">line drawn that shows its natural progression<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">\u00a0and deepest channel<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW133448488 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW133448488 BCX0\">, as is shown in the diagram.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW133448488 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3423\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3423\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/meandering.png\"><img class=\"size-large wp-image-718\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/meandering-1024x376.png\" alt=\"Stream velocity is higher on the outside bend and the surface which is farthest from the friction of the stream bed. The inside of the bend is a shorter distance than the outside. Longer arrows indicate faster velocity. In a river bend, the fastest moving particles are on the outside of the bend, near the cutbank.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"376\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3423\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thalweg of a river. In a river bend, the fastest moving water is on the outside of the bend, near the cutbank. Stream velocity is higher on the outside bend and the water surface which is farthest from the friction of the stream bed. Longer arrows indicate faster velocity (Earle 2015).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b>11.5.2 Runoff vs. Infiltration<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">F<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">actors\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">dictat<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0whether water will<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">infiltrate<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">into the ground or run off over the land <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">include <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">the amount, type, and intensity of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1785\">precipitation<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0the type and amount of vegeta<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">ion<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0cover<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0the slope of the land<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1767\">temperature<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">and aspect of the land<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0preexisting conditions<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">;<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0and the type of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_250\">soil<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">in the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">nfiltrated\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">area<\/span><\/span>. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">High<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">intensity<\/span> <\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">rain will cause more<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">runoff<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">than the same amount of rain spread out over a longer duration.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">If the rain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">falls<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">faster than the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_250\">soil<\/a>\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">properties <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">allow it to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">infiltrate, then the water that cannot<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">infiltrate<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">becomes<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">runoff.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\"> Dense vegetation can increase\u00a0infiltration, as the vegetative cover slows\u00a0<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\">the\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\">water particle<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u2019<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\">s\u00a0<\/span>overland flow giving them more time to infiltrate.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>If a parcel of land has more direct solar radiation or higher seasonal temperatures, there will be less infiltration and runoff, as evapotranspiration rates will be higher.\u00a0 <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">As the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">land<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">slope <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">increases, so does<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">runoff,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">because<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW241541500\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">water is more inclined to move downslope than<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">infiltrate<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">into the ground.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW241541500\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Extreme examples are a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_508\">basin<\/a> and a cliff, where water infiltrates much quicker into a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_508\">basin<\/a> than a cliff that has the same <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_250\">soil<\/a> properties. \u00a0Because saturated soil does not have the capacity to take more water, runoff is generally greater over saturated soil. Clay-rich <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_250\">soil<\/a> cannot accept infiltration as quickly as gravel-rich <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_250\">soil<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>11.5.3 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drainage Patterns<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The pattern of tributaries within a region is called <strong>drainage pattern<\/strong>. They depend largely on the type of rock beneath, and on structures within that rock (such as <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_502\">folds<\/a> and faults). The main types of drainage patterns are dendritic, trellis, rectangular, radial, and deranged. <\/span><b>Dendritic patterns <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are the most common and develop in areas where the underlying rock or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediments<\/a> are uniform in character, mostly flat lying, and can be eroded equally easily in all directions<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Examples are alluvial <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediments<\/a> or flat lying sedimentary rocks. <\/span><b>Trellis patterns<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> typically develop where sedimentary rocks have been folded or tilted and then eroded to varying degrees depending on their strength. The Appalachian Mountains in eastern United States have many good examples of trellis drainage<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><b>Rectangular patterns<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> develop in areas that have very little topography and a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1742\">system<\/a> of bedding planes, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_986\">joints<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or faults that form a rectangular network. A <\/span><b>radial pattern<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> forms when streams flow away from a central high point such as a mountain top or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_228\">volcano<\/a>, with the individual streams typically having dendritic drainage patterns<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In places with extensive limestone deposits, streams can disappear into the groundwater via caves and subterranean drainage and this creates a <\/span><b>deranged pattern <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW69782112\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW69782112\">4]<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3424\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3424\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/DrainagePattern.png\"><img class=\"size-large wp-image-719\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/DrainagePattern-1024x199.png\" alt=\"Various stream drainage patterns.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"199\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3424\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Various stream drainage patterns.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>11.5.4 Fluvial Processes<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Fluvial<\/strong> processes dictate how a stream behaves and include factors controlling fluvial <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> production, transport, and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1757\">deposition<\/a>. Fluvial processes include velocity, slope and gradient, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1755\">erosion<\/a>, transportation, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1757\">deposition<\/a>, stream equilibrium, and base level. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streams can be divided into three main zones: the many smaller tributaries in the source area, the main trunk stream in the floodplain and the distributaries at the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1776\">mouth<\/a> of the stream. Major stream systems like the Mississippi are composed of many source areas, many tributaries and trunk streams, all coalescing into the one main stream draining the region. The zones of a stream are defined as 1) the zone of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> production (erosion), 2) the zone of transport, and 3) the zone of deposition. The <\/span>zone of sediment production<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is located in the <strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1775\">headwaters<\/a><\/strong> of the stream. In t<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">he zone of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> transport, there is a general balance between <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1755\">erosion<\/a> of the finer <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> in its channel and transport of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> across the floodplain<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Streams eventually flow into the ocean or end in quiet water with a delta which is a z<\/span>one of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1757\">deposition<\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">located at the <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1776\">mouth<\/a> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of a stream<span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234245023\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW234245023\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234245023\">6]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The <\/span><b>longitudinal profile<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of a stream is a plot of the elevation of the stream channel at all points along its course and illustrates the location of the three zones <span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW40744565\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW40744565\">22]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zone of Sediment Production\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The zone of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> production is located in the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1775\">headwaters<\/a> of a stream where rills and gullies erode <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> and contribute to larger <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1774\">tributary<\/a> streams. These tributaries carry <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> and water further downstream to the main trunk of the stream. Tributaries at the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1775\">headwaters<\/a> have the steepest gradient;\u00a0 <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1755\">erosion<\/a> there produces considerable <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> carried b the stream. Headwater streams tend to be narrow and straight with small or non-existent floodplains adjacent to the channel. Since the zone of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> production is generally the steepest part of the stream, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1775\">headwaters<\/a> are generally located in relatively high elevations. The Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado west of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1653\">Continental<\/a> Divide contain much of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1775\">headwaters<\/a> for the Colorado River which then flows from Colorado through Utah and Arizona to Mexico.\u00a0 <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1775\">Headwaters<\/a> of the Mississippi river <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1742\">system<\/a> lie east of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1653\">Continental<\/a> Divide in the Rocky Mountains and west of the Appalachian Divide.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zone of Sediment TransPORT\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3425\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3425\" style=\"width: 466px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Stream_Load.gif\"><img class=\"wp-image-720\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Stream_Load-300x161.gif\" alt=\"A stream carries dissolved load, suspended load, and bedload.\" width=\"466\" height=\"250\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3425\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A stream carries dissolved load, suspended load, and bedload.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streams transport <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> great distances from the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1775\">headwaters<\/a> to the ocean, the ultimate depositional basins. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">Sediment<\/a> transportation is directly related to stream gradient and velocity. Faster and steeper streams can transport larger <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> grains. When velocity slows down, larger <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediments<\/a> settle to the channel bottom. When the velocity increases, those larger <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediments<\/a> are entrained and move again. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transported <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediments<\/a> are grouped into <\/span>bedload<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span>suspended load<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span>dissolved load as illustrated in the above image<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">Sediments<\/a> moved along the channel bottom are the <\/span><b>bedload <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> typically consists of the largest and densest particles. Bedload is moved by <\/span><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1498\">saltation<\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(bouncing) and <\/span>traction <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(being pushed or rolled along by the force of the flow)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Smaller\u00a0 particles are picked up by flowing water and carried in suspension as <\/span><b>suspended load<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The particle size that is carried in suspended and bedload depends on the flow velocity of the stream. <\/span><b>Dissolved load<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in a stream is the total of the ions in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1783\">solution<\/a> from chemical weathering, including such common ions such as bicarbonate (-HCO<sup>3<\/sup><sub>-<\/sub><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">),<\/span><sub>\u00a0<\/sub>calcium (Ca<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+2<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), chloride (Cl<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-1<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), potassium (K<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+1<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), and sodium (Na<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+1<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). The amounts of these ions are not affected by flow velocity.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4546\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4546\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Bed-Load-Sediment-Transport-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-721\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Bed-Load-Sediment-Transport-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4546\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3459\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3459\" style=\"width: 329px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/natural-lev\u00e9es.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-871\" title=\"Source: Physical Geology, Steven Earle https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/geology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/2015\/08\/natural-lev%C3%A9es.png\" src=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/natural-lev\u00e9es.png#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"Profile of stream channel at bankfull stage, flood stage, and deposition of natural levee (Earle 2015).\" width=\"329\" height=\"324\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3459\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Profile of stream channel at bankfull stage, flood stage, and deposition of natural levee [zotpressInText item=\"{R6VDH77A}\" format=\"%num%\" brackets=\"yes\" separator=\"comma\"].<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A <\/span><b>floodplain <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the flat area of land adjacent to a stream channel inundated with flood water on a regular basis. Stream flooding is a natural process that adds <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> to floodplains. A stream typically reaches its greatest velocity when it is close to flooding, known as the <\/span><b>bankfull stage<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. As soon as the flooding stream overtops its banks and flows onto its floodplain, the velocity decreases. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">Sediment<\/a> that was being carried by the swiftly moving water is deposited at the edge of the channel, forming a low ridge or <\/span><b>natural lev\u00e9e. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediments<\/a> are added to the floodplain during this flooding process contributing to fertile <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_250\">soils<\/a> <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW137018927\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW137018927\">4]<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zone of SEDIMENT Deposition<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><strong>D<\/strong><b>eposition <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">occurs when bedload and suspended load come to rest on the bottom of the stream channel, lake, or ocean due to decrease in stream gradient and reduction in velocity. While both <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1757\">deposition<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1755\">erosion<\/a> occur in the zone of transport such as on <strong>point bars<\/strong> and <strong>cut banks<\/strong>, ultimate <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1757\">deposition<\/a> where the stream reaches a lake or ocean. L<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">andforms called <\/span><b>deltas <\/b>form where the stream enters quiet water <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">composed of the finest <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> such as fine sand, silt, and clay. <\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Equilibrium and Base Level<\/span><\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3426\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3426\" style=\"width: 434px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/HalfwayCreek_Long_Profile-1.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-722\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/HalfwayCreek_Long_Profile-1-300x190.jpg\" alt=\"Longitudinal Profile of a creek in Indiana, showing steep gradient in its headwaters and shallower gradients toward its mouth.\" width=\"434\" height=\"275\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3426\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Example of a longitudinal profile of a stream; Halfway Creek, Indiana<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All three stream zones are present in the typical\u00a0<\/span><b>longitudinal profile<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of a stream which plots the elevation of the channel at all points along its course (see figure). All streams have a long profile. The long profile shows the stream gradient from headwater to <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1776\">mouth<\/a>. All streams attempt to achieve an energetic balance among <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1755\">erosion<\/a>, transport, gradient, velocity, discharge, and channel characteristics along the stream\u2019s profile. This balance is called <\/span><strong>equilibrium, <\/strong>a state called <strong>grade<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another factor influencing equilibrium is <\/span><b>base level<\/b>, the<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> elevation of the stream's <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1776\">mouth<\/a> representing<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the lowest level to which a stream can erode. The ultimate base level is, of course, sea-level. A lake or reservoir may also represent base level for a stream entering it.\u00a0 The Great <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_508\">Basin<\/a> of western Utah, Nevada, and parts of some surrounding states contains no outlets to the sea and provides internal base levels for streams within it.\u00a0 Base level for a stream entering the ocean changes if sea-level rises or falls. Base level also changes if a natural or human-made dam is added along a stream's profile. When base level is lowered, a stream will cut down and deepen its channel. When base level rises, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1757\">deposition<\/a> increases as the stream adjusts attempting to establish a new state of equilibrium<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A stream that has approximately achieved equilibrium is called a <strong>graded stream<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>11.5.5 Fluvial Landforms <\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stream landforms are the land features formed on the surface by either <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1755\">erosion<\/a> or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1757\">deposition<\/a>. The stream-related landforms described here are primarily related to channel types. <\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Channel Types<\/span><\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3126\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3126\" style=\"width: 465px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/BraidedWaimakariri.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-422\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/BraidedWaimakariri-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"The river has many inter-braided channels.\" width=\"465\" height=\"349\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3126\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The braided Waimakariri river in New Zealand.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3124\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3124\" style=\"width: 466px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/MeanderingRio-cauto-cuba.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-421\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/MeanderingRio-cauto-cuba-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"The river wiggles back and forth.\" width=\"466\" height=\"350\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3124\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Air photo of the meandering river, R\u00edo Cauto, Cuba.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stream channels can be straight, braided, meandering, or entrenched. The gradient, sediment load, discharge, and location of base level all influence channel type. <\/span><b>Straight channels<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are relatively straight, located near the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1775\">headwaters<\/a>, have steep gradients, low discharge, and narrow V-shaped valleys. Examples of these are located in mountainous areas.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Braided streams<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have multiple channels splitting and recombining around numerous mid-channel bars<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. These are found in floodplains with low gradients in areas with near sources of coarse <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> such as trunk streams draining mountains or in front of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Meandering streams<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have a single channel that curves back and forth like a snake within its <\/span>floodplain <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">where it emerges from its <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1775\">headwaters<\/a> into the zone of transport<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Meandering streams are dynamic creating a wide floodplain by eroding and extending meander loops side-to-side. The highest velocity water is located on the outside of a meander bend. \u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1755\">Erosion<\/a> of the outside of the curve creates a feature called a <b>cut bank<\/b> and the meander extends its loop wider by this <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1755\">erosion<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3429\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3429\" style=\"width: 406px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6_CirqueMadeleine.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-723\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.6_CirqueMadeleine-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Sandy deposition at the inside of a bend (point bar) and erosion on the outside of the bend (cut bank) of a river in France.\" width=\"406\" height=\"305\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3429\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Point bar and cut bank on the Cirque de la Madeleine in France.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <b>thalweg <\/b>of the stream is the deepest part of the stream channel. In the straight parts of the channel, the thalweg and highest velocity are in the center of the channel. But at the bend of a meandering stream, the thalweg shifts toward the cut bank. Opposite the cutbank on the inside bend of the channel is the lowest stream velocity and is an area of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1757\">deposition<\/a> called a <b>point bar<\/b>.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In areas of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1654\">tectonic<\/a> uplift such as on the Colorado Plateau, meandering streams that once flowed on the plateau surface have become entrenched or incised as uplift occurred and the stream cut its meandering channel down into <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1023\">bedrock<\/a>. Over the past several million years, the Colorado River and its tributaries have incised into the flat lying rocks of the plateau by hundreds, even thousands of feet creating deep canyons including the Grand Canyon in Arizona.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3413\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3413\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/bend2.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-699 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2021\/12\/bend2-1024x436.jpg\" alt=\"Entrenched meander of the Colorado River, downstream of Page, Arizona. High cliffs, that lead down to a river with narrow shores.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"436\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3413\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">An entrenched meander on the Colorado River in the eastern entrance to the Grand Canyon.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3431\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3431\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/1024px-GooseNeckStateParkPanorama.jpg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-724\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/1024px-GooseNeckStateParkPanorama.jpg\" alt=\"Panoramic view of incised meanders of the San Juan River at Gooseneck State Park, Utah.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"286\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3431\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Panoramic view of incised meanders of the San Juan River at Gooseneck State Park, Utah.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3432\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3432\" style=\"width: 452px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Lake_Powell_and_The_Rincon_Utah_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-725\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Lake_Powell_and_The_Rincon_Utah_-_NASA_Earth_Observatory-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"The Rincon is an abandoned meander loop on the entrenched Colorado River in Lake Powell.\" width=\"452\" height=\"301\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3432\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Rincon is an abandoned meaner loop on the entrenched Colorado River in Lake Powell.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3433\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3433\" style=\"width: 332px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Landsat-image-of-lower-Mississippi-River-floodplain.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-726\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Landsat-image-of-lower-Mississippi-River-floodplain-254x300.jpg\" alt=\"Satellite image of lower Mississippi River floodplain\" width=\"332\" height=\"393\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3433\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Landsat image of lower Mississippi River flodplain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many fluvial landforms occur on a floodplain associated with a meandering stream. Meander activity and r<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">egular flooding contribute to widening the floodplain by eroding adjacent uplands. The stream channels are confined by <\/span><b>natural levees<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that have been built up over many years of regular flooding.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Natural levees can isolate and direct flow from <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1774\">tributary<\/a> channels on the floodplain from immediately reaching the main channel. \u00a0These isolated streams are called <\/span><b>yazoo streams<\/b> and<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> flow parallel to the main trunk stream until there is an opening in the levee to allow for a belated confluence<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4548\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4548\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/How-Is-A-Levee-Formed-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-727\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/How-Is-A-Levee-Formed-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4548\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To limit flooding, humans build artificial levees on flood plains. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">Sediment<\/a> that breaches the levees during flood stage is called <\/span><b>crevasse splays<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and delivers silt and clay onto the floodplain. These deposits are rich in nutrients and often make good farm land. When floodwaters crest over human-made levees, the levees quickly erode with potentially catastrophic impacts.\u00a0 Because of the good <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_250\">soils<\/a>, farmers regularly return after floods and rebuild year after year.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3434\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3434\" style=\"width: 456px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Nowitna_river-with-approaching-cutoff.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-728\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Nowitna_river-with-approaching-cutoff-300x211.jpg\" alt=\"Meander nearing cutoff on the Nowitna River in Alaska\" width=\"456\" height=\"321\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3434\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Meander nearing cutoff on the Nowitna River in Alaska<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1755\">erosion<\/a> on the outsides of the meanders and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1757\">deposition<\/a> on the insides, the channels of meandering streams move back and forth across their floodplain over time<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. On very broad floodplains with very low gradients, the meander bends can become so extreme that they cut across themselves at a narrow neck (see figure) called a <strong>cutoff<\/strong>. The former channel becomes isolated and forms an <\/span><b>oxbow lake<\/b> seen on the right of the figure<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Eventually the oxbow lake fills in with <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> and becomes a <\/span>wetland <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and eventually a <\/span><b>meander scar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tream meanders can migrate\u00a0and form oxbow lakes in a relatively short amount of time. Where stream channels form geographic and political boundaries, this shifting of channels can cause conflicts.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4557\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4557\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Why-Do-Rivers-Curve-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-729\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Why-Do-Rivers-Curve-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4557\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3435\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3435\" style=\"width: 356px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Alluvial_fan_in_Iran.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-730\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Alluvial_fan_in_Iran-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Satellite image of alluvial fan in Iraq.\" width=\"356\" height=\"237\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3435\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alluvial fan in Iraq seen by NASA satellite. A stream emerges from the canyon and creates this cone-shaped deposit.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Alluvial fans<\/strong> are a depositional landform created where streams emerge from mountain canyons into a valley. The channel that had been confined by the canyon walls is no longer confined, slows down and spreads out, dropping its bedload of all sizes, forming a delta in the air of the valley.\u00a0 As distributary channels fill with <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a>, the stream is diverted laterally, and the alluvial fan develops into a cone shaped landform with distributaries radiating from the canyon <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1776\">mouth<\/a>. Alluvial fans are common in the dry climates of the West where ephemeral streams emerge from canyons in the ranges of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1514\">Basin and Range<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-78\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-78\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"78\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.6 Map of Mississippi River meander channels\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4541\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4541\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.5-Interactive-Map-of-Mississipi-River-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-731\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.5-Interactive-Map-of-Mississipi-River-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4541\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.5 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3436\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3436\" style=\"width: 417px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6_Mississippiriver-new-01.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-732\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.6_Mississippiriver-new-01-300x275.png\" alt=\"The area that contributes to the tributaries of the Mississippi River.\" width=\"417\" height=\"382\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3436\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Location of the Mississippi River drainage basin and Mississippi River delta.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0A <strong>delta<\/strong> is formedwhen a stream reaches a quieter body of water such as a lake or the ocean and the bedload and suspended load is deposited<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. If wave <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1755\">erosion<\/a> from the water body is greater than <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1757\">deposition<\/a> from the river, a delta will not form. The largest and most famous delta in the United States is the Mississippi River delta formed where the Mississippi River flows into the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi River drainage basin is the largest in North America, draining 41%<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of the contiguous United States <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW57176381\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW57176381\">24]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Because of the large drainage area, the river carries a large amount of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a>. The Mississippi River is a major shipping route and human engineering has ensured that the channel has been artificially straightened and remains fixed within the floodplain. The river\u00a0 is now 229 km shorter than it was before humans began engineering it <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW57176381\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW57176381\">24]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Because of these restraints, the delta is now focused on one trunk channel and has created a \u201cbird\u2019s foot\u201d pattern<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The two <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/IOTD\/view.php?id=8103&amp;eocn=image&amp;eoci=related_image\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA images<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> below of the delta show how the shoreline has retreated and land was inundated with water while <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1757\">deposition<\/a> of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> was focused at end of the distributaries. These images have changed over a 25 year <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1244\">period<\/a> from 1976 to 2001. These are stark changes illustrating sea-level rise and land <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_511\">subsidence<\/a> from the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1758\">compaction<\/a> of peat due to the lack of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> resupply <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW213676927 BCX0\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW213676927 BCX0\">25]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-79\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-79\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"79\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.6_MissDelt.jpg\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4542\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4542\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.5-June-10-1976-Landsat-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-733\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.5-June-10-1976-Landsat-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4542\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this interactive activity via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The formation of the Mississippi River delta started about 7500 years ago when postglacial sea level stopped rising<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In the past 7000 years, prior to <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_764\">anthropogenic<\/a> modifications, the Mississippi River delta formed several sequential lobes. The river abandoned each lobe for a more preferred route to the Gulf of Mexico. These delta lobes were reworked by the ocean waves of the Gulf of Mexico <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW144287476\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW144287476\">26]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0After each lobe was abandoned by the river, isostatic depression and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1758\">compaction<\/a> of the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediments<\/a> caused <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_508\">basin<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_511\">subsidence<\/a> and the land to sink.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3437\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3437\" style=\"width: 464px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6_QuakeLake.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-734\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.6_QuakeLake-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Delta in Quake Lake Montana. Deposition of this delta began in 1959, when the Madison river was dammed by the landslide caused by the 7.5 magnitude earthquake.\" width=\"464\" height=\"309\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3437\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Delta in Quake Lake Montana. Deposition of this delta began in 1959, when the Madison river was dammed by the landslide caused by the 7.5 magnitude earthquake.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A clear example of how deltas form came from an earthquake. During the 1959 Madison Canyon 7.5 magnitude earthquake in Montana, a large <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_246\">landslide<\/a> dammed the Madison River forming Quake Lake <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">still there today <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11982677\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW11982677\">27]<\/span>. A small <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1774\">tributary<\/a> stream that once flowed into the Madison River, now flows into Quake Lake forming a delta c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">omposed of coarse <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> actively eroded from the mountainous upthrown block to the north. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deltas can be further categorized as wave-dominated or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1480\">tide<\/a>-dominated. Wave-dominated deltas occur where the tides are small and wave energy dominates. An example is the Nile River delta in the Mediterranean Sea that has the classic shape of the Greek character (\u0394) from which the landform is named<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1480\">tide<\/a>-dominated delta forms when ocean tides are powerful and influence the shape of the delta. For example, Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta in the Bay of Bengal (near India and Bangladesh) is the world\u2019s largest delta and mangrove swamp called the Sundarban <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW49111969\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW49111969\">29]<\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3438\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3438\" style=\"width: 221px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Sundarban-Delta-Bangladesh.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-735 size-medium\" style=\"font-weight: bold; background-color: transparent; text-align: inherit;\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Sundarban-Delta-Bangladesh-221x300.png\" alt=\"Tide-dominated delta of the Ganges River\" width=\"221\" height=\"300\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3438\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sundarban Delta in Bangladesh, a tide-dominated delta of the Ganges River<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>At the Sundarban Delta in Bangladesh, t<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">idal forces create linear intrusions of seawater into the delta. This delta also holds the world\u2019s largest mangrove swamp<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3439\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3439\" style=\"width: 698px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit-e1491789834381.jpg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-736\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit-e1491789834381.jpg\" alt=\"The Nile Delta is a triangular patch of green in an otherwise sandy brown area.\" width=\"698\" height=\"259\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3439\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nile Delta showing its classic \u201cdelta\u201d shape.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3440\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3440\" style=\"width: 420px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6_Logan_Bonneville_Delta.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-737\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.6_Logan_Bonneville_Delta-237x300.jpg\" alt=\"Contours of the Logan Delta, incised by the Logan River.\" width=\"420\" height=\"531\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3440\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the Logan Delta (Gilbert 1890).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lake Bonneville was a large, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_746\">pluvial lake<\/a> that occupied the western half of Utah and parts of eastern Nevada from about 30,000 to 12,000 years ago<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The lake filled to a maximum elevation as great as approximately 5100 feet above mean sea level, filling the basins, leaving the mountains exposed, many as islands. The presence of the lake allowed for <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1757\">deposition<\/a> of both fine grained lake mud and silt and coarse gravels from the mountains. Variations in lake level were controlled by regional <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_757\">climate<\/a> and a catastrophic failure of Lake Bonneville\u2019s main outlet, Red Rock Pass\u00a0<span class=\"TextRun Strikethrough BCX0 SCXW10377017\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10377017\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW10377017\">31]<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0 during extended <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1244\">periods<\/a> of time in which the lake level remained stable, wave-cut terraces were produced that can be seen today on the flanks of many mountains in the region.\u00a0 Significant deltas formed at the mouths of major canyons in Salt Lake, Cache, and other Utah valleys. \u00a0The Great Salt Lake is the remnant of Lake Bonneville and cities have built up on these delta deposits.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3441\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3441\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/ggk03413-scaled.jpg\"><img class=\"size-large wp-image-3441\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/ggk03413-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"Deltaic deposits of Lake Bonneville near Logan, Utah.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"665\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3441\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deltaic deposits of Lake Bonneville near Logan, Utah; wave cut terraces can be seen on the mountain slope.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Stream terraces<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are remnants of older floodplains located above the existing floodplain and river. Like entrenched meanders, stream terraces form when uplift occurs or base level drops and streams erode downward, their meanders widening a new flood plain. Stream terraces can also form from extreme flood events associated with retreating <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1516\">glaciers<\/a>. A classic example of multiple stream terraces are along the Snake River in Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162599196\">[3<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW162599196\">2; 33]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3443\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3443\" style=\"width: 375px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6_TetonTerraceDSC_0076-scaled.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-3443\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.6_TetonTerraceDSC_0076-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"Landscape with river cutting into plane. Three different levels of flat surfaces that represent different base levels.\" width=\"375\" height=\"250\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3443\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terraces along the Snake River, Wyoming.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_3444\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3444\" style=\"width: 333px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/11.6_StreamTerrace_IMGP4422.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-740\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.6_StreamTerrace_IMGP4422-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"River along several different levels of flat floodplains\" width=\"333\" height=\"250\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3444\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terraces in Glen Roy, Scotland<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-80\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-80\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"80\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.5 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4540\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4540\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-741\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.5-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4540\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.5 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11.6 Groundwater<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Groundwater is an important source of freshwater. \u00a0It can be found at varying depths in all places under the ground, but is limited by extractable quantity and quality.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4555\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4555\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/What-is-an-Aquifer-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-742\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/What-is-an-Aquifer-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4555\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>11.6.1 Porosity and Permeability<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW254024023\">An\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">aquifer<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">\u00a0is a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">rock unit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">that contains extractable<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">ground<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">water.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">A good aquifer must be both <strong>porous<\/strong> and <strong>permeable<\/strong>. P<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">orosity<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">is the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">space between grains <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">that can hold <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">water, <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">expressed as the percentage of open space in the total volume of the rock<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\"> P<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">ermeability comes from connectivity of the spaces that <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">allows water to\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">move in the aquifer<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW254024023\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW254024023\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Porosity can occur as primary porosity, as space between sand grains or vesicles in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_228\">volcanic<\/a> rocks, or secondary porosity as <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_986\">fractures<\/a> or dissolved spaces in\u00a0 rock). <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1758\">Compaction<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1759\">cementation<\/a> during <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1760\">lithification<\/a> of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediments<\/a> reduces porosity (see chapter <a href=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/testcloneglossaryterms\/chapter\/5-weathering-erosion-and-sedimentary-rocks\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">5.3<\/a>).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A combination of a place to contain water (porosity) and the ability to move water (permeability) makes a good <strong>aquifer<\/strong>\u2014a rock unit or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> that allows extraction of groundwater. \u00a0Well-sorted <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediments<\/a> have higher porosity because there are not smaller <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> particles filling in the spaces between the larger particles. Shales made of clays generally have high porosity, but the pores are poorly connected, thereby causing low permeability. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4549\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4549\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Porosity-and-Permeability-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-743\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Porosity-and-Permeability-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4549\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW26704983\">Wh<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">ile permeability is a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">n important<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">\u00a0measure of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">porous<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">\u00a0material<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">\u2019s ability to trans<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">mit<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">\u00a0water<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">hydraulic conductivity is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">more commonly use<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">d by geologists<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">\u00a0to measure\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">how easily a fluid is transmitted<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW26704983\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW26704983\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><b>Hydraulic conductivity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">measure<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">s both the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">permeability of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">porous\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">material\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">the properties\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">of the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">water, or whate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">ver\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">fluid<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">being transmitted like oil or gas<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW234101823\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW234101823\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">Because\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">hydraulic conductivity<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">also measures the properties of the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0fluid<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">, such as viscosity<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">it <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">is used by <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">both<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">petroleum<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">geologists and\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">hydrogeologists to describe\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">both<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">the production capability of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">oil<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">reservoirs<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">aquifers. High<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">hydraulic conductivity<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">indicates\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW70667293 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">that fluid transmits rapidly <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">through an<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70667293 BCX0\">aquifer.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>11.6.2 Aquifers\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW76684060\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW76684060\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW76684060\">Aquifers are rock layers with sufficient porosity and permeability to allow water to be both contained and move within them. For rock or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> to be considered an aquifer, its pores must be at least partially filled with water and it must be permeable enough to transmit water. Drinking water aquifers must also contain <strong>potable <\/strong>water. Aquifers can vary dramatically in scale, from spanning several formations covering large regions to being a local formation in a limited area. Aquifers adequate for water supply are both permeable, porous, and potable.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>11.6.3 Groundwater Flow<\/b><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3445\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3445\" style=\"width: 320px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Vadose_zone.gif\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-744\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Vadose_zone.gif\" alt=\"The groundwater table is where the pores in an aquifer are completely saturated.\" width=\"320\" height=\"243\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3445\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zone of saturation.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When surface water infiltrates or seeps into the ground, it usually enters the unsaturated zone also called the vadose zone, or zone of aeration. \u00a0The <\/span><b>vadose zone<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is the volume of geologic material between the land surface and the zone of saturation <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">where the pore spaces are not completely filled with water <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW263278408\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW263278408\">34<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW263278408\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Plant roots inhabit the upper vadose zone and fluid pressure in the pores is less than atmospheric pressure. \u00a0Below the vadose zone is the capillary fringe. \u00a0Capillary fringe is the usually thin zone below the vadose zone where the pores are completely filled with water (<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1784\">saturation<\/a>), but the fluid pressure is less than atmospheric pressure. \u00a0The pores in the capillary fringe are filled because of capillary action, which occurs because of a combination of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1771\">adhesion<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1770\">cohesion<\/a>. Below the capillary fringe is the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1784\">saturated<\/a> zone or phreatic zone, where the pores are completely <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1784\">saturated<\/a> and the fluid in the pores is at or above atmospheric pressure<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The interface between the capillary fringe and the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1784\">saturated<\/a> zone marks the location of the water table.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>W<\/strong><b>ells<\/b>\u00a0are conduits that extend into the ground with openings to the aquifers, to extract from, measure, and sometimes add water to the aquifer. Wells are generally the way that geologists and hydrologist measure the depth to groundwater from the land surface as well as withdraw water from aquifers.<\/p>\n<p>Water is found throughout the pore spaces in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediments<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1023\">bedrock<\/a>. The <b>water table<\/b> is the area below which the pores are fully <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1784\">saturated<\/a> with water. The simplest case of a water table is when the aquifer is unconfined, meaning it does not have a confining layer above it. Confining layers can pressurize aquifers by trapping water that is recharged at a higher elevation underneath the confining layer, allowing for a potentiometric surface higher than the top of the aquifer, and sometimes higher than the land surface.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3446\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3446\" style=\"width: 550px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/wa-aquifer_types-1.gif\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-745\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/wa-aquifer_types-1.gif\" alt=\"In a confined aquifer, the potentiometric surface can rise above the ground.\" width=\"550\" height=\"325\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3446\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potentiometric surface and water table in an aquifer system.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A <\/span><b>confining layer<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a low permeability layer above and\/or below an aquifer that restricts the water from moving in and out of the aquifer. \u00a0Confining layers include <\/span><b>aquicludes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which are so impermeable that no water travels through them, and <\/span><b>aquitards<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which significantly decrease the speed at which water travels through them. <\/span>The <b>potentiometric surface<\/b> represents the height that water would rise in a well penetrating the pressurized aquifer <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1742\">system<\/a>. Breaches in the pressurized aquifer <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1742\">system<\/a>, like faults or wells, can cause <b>springs<\/b> or <b>flowing wells<\/b>, also known as <b>artesian wells<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The water table will generally mirror surface topography, though more subdued, because hydrostatic pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure along the surface of the water table. \u00a0If the water table intersects the ground surface the result will be water at the surface in the form of a gaining stream, spring, lake, or wetland. The water table intersects the channel for <strong>gaining streams<\/strong> which then gains water from the water table.\u00a0 The channels for <strong>losing streams<\/strong> lie below the water table, thus losing streams lose water to the water table.\u00a0 Losing streams may be seasonal during a dry season or <strong>ephemeral<\/strong> in dry climates where they may normally be dry and carry water only after rain storms. Ephemeral streams pose a serious danger of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1506\">flash flooding<\/a>\u00a0in dry climates.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4556\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4556\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Where-is-the-Water-Table-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-746\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Where-is-the-Water-Table-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4556\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mentioned in the video is the <a href=\"https:\/\/groundwaterwatch.usgs.gov\/default.asp\">USGS Groundwater Watch<\/a> site.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW96173255 BCX0\">Using wells, g<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">eologists measure the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">water table<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">hei<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">ght <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">potentiometric surface<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">Graphs of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">depth <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">to <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">groundwater<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">over<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">time<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">known as <strong>hydrographs<\/strong> and<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">sho<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">w <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">changes in the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">water table<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">over time.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">W<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">ell<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">water level\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">controlled by many factors <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">and <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">can change very frequently, even <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">every minute<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">, seasonally, and over longer<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1244\">periods<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">of time<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW96173255 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96173255 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3448\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3448\" style=\"width: 432px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/USGS.404356111503901.143976.72019.00002.19750718.19890930..0..pres-1.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-747\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/USGS.404356111503901.143976.72019.00002.19750718.19890930..0..pres-1.png\" alt=\"A hydrograph is a line graph that shows depth to water with time.\" width=\"432\" height=\"320\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3448\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Example of a hydrograph<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW257587516\">In 1856,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">French engineer\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">Henry Darcy developed a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1730\">hypothesis<\/a> to <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">show <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">how discharge through a porous medium is controlled by permeability, pressure, and cross<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">sectional area.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">To\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">prove<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">this<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">\u00a0relationship<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">Darcy <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1731\">experiment<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">ed with<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\"> tubes of packed <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> with water running through them<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW257587516\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW257587516\">. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">The results<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">o<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">f his experiments<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">empirica<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">ly\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">established<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1724\">quantitative<\/a> measure of hydraulic conductivity and discharge<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">\u00a0that is known as Darcy\u2019s <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW38581994\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW38581994\">aw. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>The relationships described by Darcy\u2019s Law have close similarities to Fourier's law in the field of heat conduction, Ohm's law in the field of electrical networks, or Fick's law in diffusion <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1733\">theory<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Q=KA(<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0394<strong>h\/<\/strong><\/span>L)<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3449\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3449\" style=\"width: 431px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Darcys_Law.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-748\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Darcys_Law.png\" alt=\"Cylinder with a length (L), cross-sectional area (A), which is filled with a material of a specific hydraulic conductivity.\" width=\"431\" height=\"215\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3449\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pipe showing apparatus that would demonstrate Darcy\u2019s Law. \u0394h would be measured across L from a to b.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Q = flow (volume\/time)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">K = hydraulic conductivity (length\/time<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A = cross-sectional area of flow (area)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0394h = change in pressure head (pressure difference)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L = distance between pressure (h) measurements (length)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0394h\/<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L is commonly referred to as the hydraulic gradient<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW247876017 BCX0\">Pumping water from an<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">unconfi<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">ned\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">aquifer<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">lowers the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">water table<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">. Pumping water from a confined aquifer lowers the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">pressure and\/<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">or<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">potentiometric surface<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">around the well.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">In an unconfined<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">aquifer, the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">water table<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">is lowered as water is removed from the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">aquifer<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">near the well producing <strong>drawdown <\/strong>and a <strong>cone of depression<\/strong> (see figure). In a confined<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW247876017 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247876017 BCX0\">aquifer, pumping on an artesian well reduces the pressure or potentiometric surface around the well.<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"EOP SCXW247876017 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_892\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-892\" style=\"width: 3104px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opengeology.org\/textbook\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Cone_of_Depression_WSP2220.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-749 size-full\" title=\"Source: Heath, 1983, USGS\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Cone_of_Depression_WSP2220.png\" alt=\"The shape of the potentiometric surface or water table around a pumping well is cone-shaped, where groundwater level has the greatest drawdown near the well.\" width=\"3104\" height=\"1353\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-892\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cones of depression (Heath 1983).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When one cone of depression intersects another cone of depression or a barrier feature like an impermeable mountain block, drawdown is intensified. When a cone of depression intersects a recharge zone, the cone of depression is lessened.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>11.6.4 Recharge<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The\u00a0<\/span><b>recharge <\/b>area<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is where surface water enters an aquifer through the process of infiltration. Recharge areas are generally topographically high locations of an aquifer. \u00a0They are characterized by losing streams and permeable rock that allows infiltration into the aquifer. Recharge areas mark the beginning of groundwater flow paths.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">In the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1514\">Basin and Range<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">Province<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">recharge<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">areas<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">\u00a0for\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">unconsolidated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">aquifers<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">of the valleys <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">are along <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">mountain\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">foothills<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">In\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW51221263\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">the foothills of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW51221263\">Salt Lake Valley, <\/span><\/span>losing streams contribute water to the gravel-rich deltaic deposits of ancient Lake Bonneville, in some cases feeding artesian wells in the Salt Lake Valley.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW103813114\">An\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">aquifer<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">management practice<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">is to induce <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">r<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">echarge<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\"> through storage and recovery<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">Geologists and hydrologists<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">can<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0increase the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">recharge\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">rate<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">into an<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">aquifer<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1742\">system<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">using<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0i<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">njection wells and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">infiltration<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">galleries<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0or\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">basins<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">35<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">].\u00a0<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">Injection wells pump water into an<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">aquifer<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0where it\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">can be<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW103813114\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0stored<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW103813114\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Injection wells are regulated by state and federal governments to ensure that the injected water is not negatively impacting the quality or supply of the existing groundwater in the aquifer. \u00a0Some aquifers can store significant quantities of water, allowing water managers to use the aquifer <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1742\">system<\/a> like a surface reservoir. Water is stored in the aquifer during <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1244\">periods<\/a> of low water demand and high water supply and later extracted during times of high water demand and low water supply.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3451\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3451\" style=\"width: 550px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/wcartificialrecharge.gif\"><img class=\"wp-image-750\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/wcartificialrecharge.gif\" alt=\"Different ways an aquifer can be recharged. Rivers, injection wells, and infiltration can all contribute to aquifer recharge.\" width=\"550\" height=\"271\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3451\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Different ways an aquifer can be recharged.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>11.6.5 Discharge<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><strong>Discharge<\/strong> areas are where\u00a0the<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">water table or potentiometric surface<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">intersects the land surface.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">Discharge<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">areas mark the end of<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">groundwater<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">flow paths<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW180141458\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW180141458\">.<span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">These areas\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">are characterized by springs,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW87410731\">flowing\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">artesian<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">wells, gaining<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">streams, and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">playas<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">i<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">n the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\"> dry<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0basins<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0of\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1514\">Basin and Range<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">Province\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">of\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">the western United States<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW87410731\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW87410731\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>11.6.6 Groundwater mining and subsidence<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like other <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1738\">natural resources<\/a> on our planet, the quantity of fresh and potable water is finite.\u00a0 The only natural source of water on land is from the sky in the form of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1785\">precipitation<\/a>.\u00a0 <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">I<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">n many places<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">groundwater<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">is being extracted faster than it is being replenished<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW169962721\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW169962721\">. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">When<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">groundwater<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">is extracted faster than<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">it is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">recharge<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">d<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">groundwater<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">levels\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">potentiometric surfaces<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">decline<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">discharge<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">areas <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">diminish\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">or dry up completely.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Regional pumping-induced groundwater decline is known as <\/span><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1772\">groundwater mining<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or groundwater overdraft. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1772\">Groundwater mining<\/a> is a serious situation and can lead to dry wells, reduced spring and stream flow, and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_511\">subsidence<\/a>. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW8772542\">G<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">roundwater mining<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">is happening<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\"> is places <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">w<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">here<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0more water is\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">extract<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0by pumping\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">than\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">is being\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">replenish<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0by<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1785\">precipitation<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">, and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">the<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">water table <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">is continual<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">l<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">y<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">\u00a0lower<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">ed<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW8772542\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW8772542\">. In these situations, groundwater must be viewed as a ore body and in its depletion, the possibility of producing ghost towns.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4550\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4550\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Science-Today-Groundwater-Youtube-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-751\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Science-Today-Groundwater-Youtube-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4550\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access this YouTube video via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">In many places, water <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2 SCXW193209130 BCX0\">actually helps<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0hold up<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW193209130 BCX0\">an<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">aquifer<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u2019s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">skeleton\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">by the water pressure exerted on the grains in an<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">aquifer.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\"> This pressure is called <strong>pore <\/strong><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><strong>pressure<\/strong> and comes from the weight of overlying water. If pore pressure decreases because of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1772\">groundwater mining<\/a>, the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">aquifer<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">can compact, causing the surface of the ground to sink.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">Areas especially susceptible to this effect are<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">aquifers<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">made of unconsolidated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediments<\/a>.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">Unconsolidated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediments<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">with multiple layers of clay and other fine-grained material are at higher risk because\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">when water is<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0drained,\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">clay\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">compact<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\"> considerably<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW193209130 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">36<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">;<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">37<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193209130 BCX0\">].<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW193209130 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3452\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3452\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/100_4902-scaled.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-3452 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/100_4902-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"The author stands in a large ditch-like\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3452\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Example of an earth fissure in Cedar City.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><b><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_511\">Subsidence<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1772\">groundwater mining<\/a> has been documented in southwestern Utah, notably Cedar Valley, Iron County, Utah. \u00a0Groundwater levels have declined more than 100 feet in certain parts of Cedar Valley, causing earth fissures and measurable amounts of land <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_511\">subsidence<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3453\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3453\" style=\"width: 174px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/land-subsidence-poland-calif.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-753\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/land-subsidence-poland-calif.jpg\" alt=\"Eivdence of land subsidence from pumping of groundwater shown by dates on a pole\" width=\"174\" height=\"435\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3453\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Evidence of land subsidence from pumping of groundwater shown by dates on a pole<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>This photo shows documentation of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_511\">subsidence<\/a> from pumping of groundwater for irrigation in the Central Valley in California. The pole shows <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_511\">subsidence<\/a> from groundwater pumping over a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1244\">period<\/a> of time.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-81\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-81\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"81\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.6 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4543\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4543\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.6-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-754\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.6-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4543\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.6 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><b>11.7 Water Contamination and Remediation<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">Water can be contaminated by <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW125219294 BCX0\">natural features like<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1765\">mineral<\/a>-rich geologic<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">formations\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">and by <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">human <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">activities <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">such as a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">griculture, industrial <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">operations, landfills, animal operations, and <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">sewage treatment processes, among many other things<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW125219294 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">As water runs over the land or<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">infiltrates<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">into the ground, it dissolves material left behind by these potential contaminant sources. There are three major groups of contamination:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">organic and <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">inorganic chemicals<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">and biological agents. Small<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediments<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">that cloud<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">water<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">causing turbidity<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW125219294 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0is also an issue with some wells, but it is not considered contamination. The risks and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0type of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">remediation<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125219294 BCX0\">for a contaminant depends on the type of chemicals present.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW125219294 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW16454995\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\">Contamination occurs as point<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW16454995\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW16454995\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\">source and non<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW16454995\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\">point<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW16454995\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW16454995\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW16454995\">source pollution.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><b>Point source<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> pollution can be attributed to a single, definable source, while<\/span><b> nonpoint source <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pollution is from multiple dispersed sources. Point sources include waste disposal sites, storage tanks, sewage treatment plants, and chemical spills. Nonpoint sources are dispersed and indiscreet, where the whole of the contribution of pollutants is harmful, but the individual components do not have harmful concentrations of pollutants. \u00a0A good example of nonpoint pollution is residential areas, where lawn fertilizer on one person\u2019s yard may not contribute much pollution to the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1742\">system<\/a>, but the combined effect of many residents using fertilizer can lead to significant nonpoint pollution. \u00a0Other nonpoint sources include nutrients (nitrate and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_975\">phosphate<\/a>), herbicides, pesticides contributed by farming, nitrate contributed by animal operations, and nitrate contributed by septic systems. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Organic chemicals<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0are common pollutants. They consist of strands and rings of carbon atoms, usually connected by covalent <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1781\">bonds<\/a>. Other types of atoms, like chlorine, and molecules, like hydroxide (OH<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), are attached to the strands and rings. The number and arrangement of atoms will decide how the chemical behaves in the environment, its danger to humans or ecosystems, and where the chemical ends up in the environment. The different arrangements of carbon allow for tens of thousands of organic chemicals, many of which have never been studied for negative effects on human health or the environment. \u00a0Common organic pollutants are herbicides and pesticides, pharmaceuticals, fuel, and industrial solvents and cleansers. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Organic chemicals include surfactants<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW79227683\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW79227683\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW79227683\">\u00a0such as<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW79227683\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW79227683\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW79227683\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW79227683\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW79227683\">cleaning agents<\/span><\/span>\u00a0and synthetic hormones associated with pharmaceuticals, which can act as endocrine disruptors. Endocrine disruptors mimic hormones, and can cause long-term effects in developing sexual reproduction systems in developing animals. Only very small quantities of endocrine disruptors are needed to cause significant changes in animal populations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An example of organic chemical contamination is the Love Canal, Niagara Falls, New York. From 1942 to 1952, the Hooker Chemical Company disposed of over <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW131021485\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW131021485\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW131021485\">21,337 mt (<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW131021485\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW131021485\">21,000 t<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW131021485\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW131021485\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW131021485\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span> of chemical waste, including chlorinated hydrocarbons, into a canal and covered it with a thin layer of clay. \u00a0Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a large group of organic chemicals that have chlorine functional groups, most of which are toxic and carcinogenic to humans. The company sold the land to the New York School Board, who developed it into a neighborhood. After residents began to suffer from serious health ailments and pools of oily fluid started rising into residents\u2019 basements, the neighborhood had to be evacuated. \u00a0This site became a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency <\/span><b>Superfund site<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a site with federal funding and oversight to ensure its cleanup. \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Inorganic chemicals<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0are another set of chemical pollutants. They can contain carbon atoms, but not in long strands or links. Inorganic contaminants include chloride, arsenic, and nitrate (NO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). \u00a0Nutrients can be from geologic material, like phosphorous-rich rock, but are most often sourced from fertilizer and animal and human waste. \u00a0Untreated sewage and agricultural runoff contain concentrates of nitrogen and phosphorus which are essential for the growth of microorganisms. Nutrients like nitrate and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_975\">phosphate<\/a> in surface water can promote growth of microbes, like blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), which in turn use oxygen and create toxins (microcystins and anatoxins) in lakes <span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW72694573\">[<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW72694573\">38<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW72694573\">]<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This process is known as eutrophication.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Metals are common inorganic contaminants. Lead, mercury, and arsenic are some of the more problematic inorganic groundwater contaminants. \u00a0Bangladesh has a well documented case of arsenic contamination from natural geologic material dissolving into the groundwater. <span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">Acid<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">mine drainage<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">can also cause significant inorganic contamination<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">(<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">ee <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/testcloneglossaryterms\/chapter\/16-energy-and-mineral-resources\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\">Chap<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\">ter\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\">16<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW94984786\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW94984786\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salt, typically sodium chloride, is a common inorganic contaminant. \u00a0It can be introduced into groundwater from natural sources, such as evaporite deposits like the Arapien Shale of Utah, or from <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_764\">anthropogenic<\/a> sources like the salts applied to roads in the winter to keep ice from forming. \u00a0Salt contamination can also occur <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153366638 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">near ocean coasts\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">from saltwater intru<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153366638 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">ding into the <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">cones of depression around fresh<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">groundwater<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">pumping<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW153366638 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">, <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW153366638 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">inducing the encroachment of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153366638 BCX0\">saltwater into the freshwater body.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW14358776\">Biological agents are\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">nother common<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">groundwater<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">contaminant<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0which includes harmful bacteria and viruses. A common bacteria contaminant is<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><em>Escherichia coli<\/em> (<em>E. coli<\/em>)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">. Generally, harmful bacteria are not present in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">groundwater<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">unless the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">groundwater<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">source <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">is closely connected with a contaminated surface source, such as a septic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1742\">system<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW14358776\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">Karst<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">landforms created from\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">dissolved<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">limestone<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">s especially susceptible to this form of contamination<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0because water moves relatively quickly through the<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\"> conduits o<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">f dissolved<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">limestone<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">Bacteria can also be used for<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">remediation<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW14358776\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW14358776\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/water.usgs.gov\/edu\/groundwater-contaminants.html\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Table. Groundwater contaminants.<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Remediation<\/strong> is the act of cleaning contamination. <span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">Hydrologists use<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">\u00a0three\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">types<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">\u00a0of remediation:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">b<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW244500733\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">iological, chemical, and physical.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW244500733\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Biological remediation uses specific strains of bacteria to break down a contaminant into safer chemicals. \u00a0This type of remediation is usually used on organic chemicals, but also works on reducing or oxidizing inorganic chemicals like nitrate. Phytoremediation is a type of bioremediation that uses plants to absorb the chemicals over time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chemical remediation uses chemicals to remove the contaminant or make it less harmful. \u00a0One example is to use a reactive barrier, a permeable wall in the ground or at a discharge point that chemically reacts with contaminants in the water. Reactive barriers made of limestone can increase the pH of acid mine drainage, making the water less acidic and more basic, which removes dissolved contaminants by <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1785\">precipitation<\/a> into solid form.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Physical remediation consists of removing the contaminated water and either treating it with filtration<span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW260675278\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\">, called<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW260675278\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\">\u00a0pump<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW260675278\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW260675278\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\">and<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW260675278\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\">-<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange BCX0 SCXW260675278\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW260675278\">treat,<\/span><\/span><\/span> or disposing of it. \u00a0All of these options are technically complex, expensive, and difficult, with physical remediation typically being the most costly.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-82\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-82\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"82\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.7 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4544\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4544\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.7-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Youtube.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-755\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.7-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Youtube-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4544\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.7 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><b>11.8 Karst<\/b><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3454\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3454\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Karst-Towers-in-China.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-756 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Karst-Towers-in-China-300x205.jpg\" alt=\"Steep rock towers left as remnants of limestone layers dissolved away by acidic rainwater.\" width=\"300\" height=\"205\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3454\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steep karst towers in China left as remnants as limestone is dissolved away by acidic rain and groundwater.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><strong>Karst<\/strong> refers to landscapes and hydrologic features created\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart SCXW177943039 BCX0\">by\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">the\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">dissolving<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">limestone. Karst can be<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0found anywhere<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">there is<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">limestone<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">and other soluble subterranean substances like salt deposits.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">Dissol<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">ving<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletion TrackedChange SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">of <\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">limestone<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW177943039 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">creates features like sinkholes, caverns, disappearing<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">streams, and\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177943039 BCX0\">towers.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW177943039 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3455\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3455\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Sinkholes-in-Kaibab-Ls-from-solution-of-salt.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-757 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Sinkholes-in-Kaibab-Ls-from-solution-of-salt-300x204.jpg\" alt=\"Sinkholes of the McCauley Sink in Northern Arizona, produced by collapse of Kaibab Limestone into caverns caused by solution of underlying salt deposits\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3455\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sinkholes of the McCauley Sink in Northern Arizona, produced by collapse of Kaibab Limestone into caverns caused by solution of underlying salt deposits .<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dissolving of underlying salt deposits has caused sinkholes to form in the Kaibab Limestone on the Colorado Plateau in Arizona.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3456\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3456\" style=\"width: 439px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Sinkhole.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-758\" style=\"font-weight: bold; background-color: transparent; text-align: inherit;\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Sinkhole-300x196.jpg\" alt=\"Sinkhole that appeared in Florida in the front yard of a home.\" width=\"439\" height=\"288\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3456\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">This sinkhole from collapse of surface into a underground cavern appeared in the front yard of this home in Florida.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW56751174 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56751174 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56751174 BCX0\">Collapse of the surface into an underground cavern caused this s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56751174 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56751174 BCX0\">inkhole <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56751174 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56751174 BCX0\">in the front yard of a home in Florida.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW56751174 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">CO<sub><span class=\"NormalTextRun Superscript SCXW178914480 BCX0\" data-fontsize=\"11\">2<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0in the\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1745\">atmosphere<\/a>\u00a0dissolves readily in the water droplets that form clouds\u00a0from which\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1785\">precipitation<\/a>\u00a0comes in the form of rain and snow. This\u00a0<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1785\">precipitation<\/a>\u00a0is slightly acidic with\u00a0carbonic acid.<span class=\"EOP SCXW178914480 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span>Karst<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">forms when<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">carbonic acid <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">dissolves<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_970\">calcite<\/a><\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">(calcium<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_969\">carbonate<\/a>) in<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178914480 BCX0\">limestone.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>H<sub>2<\/sub>O + CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0= H<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Water + Carbon Dioxide Gas equals Carbonic Acid in Water<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0= Ca<sup>2+<\/sup>+ 2HCO<sub>3<\/sub> <sup>-1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Solid <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_970\">Calcite<\/a> + Carbonic Acid in Water Dissolved equals Calcium Ion + Dissolved Bicarbonate Ion<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3457\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3457\" style=\"width: 385px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/1024px-Dead_trees_at_Mammoth_Hot_Springs.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-759\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/1024px-Dead_trees_at_Mammoth_Hot_Springs-300x198.jpg\" alt=\"Calcium carbonate deposited at Mammoth hot springs encapsulates trees.\" width=\"385\" height=\"255\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3457\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mammoth hot springs, Yellowstone National Park.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the slightly acidic water dissolves the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_970\">calcite<\/a>, changes in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1767\">temperature<\/a> or gas content in the water can cause the water to redeposit the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_970\">calcite<\/a> in a different place as tufa (travertine), often deposited by a spring<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or in a cave. \u00a0Speleothems are secondary deposits, typically made of travertine, deposited in a cave<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u00a0Travertine speleothems form by water dripping through cracks and dissolved openings in caves and evaporating, leaving behind the travertine deposits. \u00a0Speleothems commonly occur in the form of stalactites, when extending from the ceiling, and stalagmites, when standing up from the floor.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3458\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3458\" style=\"width: 490px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/640px-Labeled_speleothems.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-760\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/640px-Labeled_speleothems-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"Cave deposits hanging and protruding from the base of a cave.\" width=\"490\" height=\"350\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3458\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Varieties of speleotherms.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3459\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3459\" style=\"width: 472px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2021\/12\/Disappearing-stream.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-761\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Disappearing-stream-300x224.jpg\" alt=\"Stream disappears into subterranean cavern system.\" width=\"472\" height=\"352\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3459\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">This stream disappears into a subterranean cavern system to re-emerge a few hundred yards downstream.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surface water enters the karst <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1742\">system<\/a> through sinkholes, losing streams, and disappearing streams. \u00a0Changes in base level can cause rivers running over limestone to dissolve the limestone and sink into the ground. \u00a0As the water continues to dissolve its way through the limestone, it can leave behind intricate networks of caves and narrow passages. \u00a0Often dissolution will follow and expand <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_986\">fractures<\/a> in the limestone. \u00a0Water exits the karst <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1742\">system<\/a> as springs and rises. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In mountainous <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1764\">terrane<\/a>, dissolution can extend all the way through the vertical profile of the mountain, with caverns dropping thousands of feet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this section.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-83\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-83\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"83\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"11.8 Did I Get It?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4545\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4545\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/11.8-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-762\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/11.8-Did-I-Get-It-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4545\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the quiz for section 11.8 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water is essential for all living things. It continuously cycles through the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1745\">atmosphere<\/a>, over land, and through the ground. In much of the United States and other countries, water is managed through a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1742\">system<\/a> of regional laws and regulations and distributed on paper in a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1742\">system<\/a> collectively known as \u201cwater rights\u201d. Surface water follows a watershed, which is separate from other areas by its divides (highest ridges). Groundwater exists in the pores within rocks and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a>.\u00a0 It moves predominantly due to pressure and gravitational gradients through the rock. Human and natural causes can make water unsuitable for consumption.\u00a0 There are different ways to deal with this contamination. Karst is when limestone is dissolved by water, forming caves and sinkholes.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Take this quiz to check your comprehension of this Chapter.<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-84\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-84\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"84\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter 11 Review\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4547\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4547\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/slcc.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/35\/2022\/02\/Ch.11-Review-QR-Code.png\"><img class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-763\" src=\"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/app\/uploads\/sites\/516\/2022\/05\/Ch.11-Review-QR-Code-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4547\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">If you are using the printed version of this OER, access the review quiz for Chapter 11 via this QR Code.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><b>References<\/b><\/h2>\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\">\n<ol>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Brush, L.M., Jr, 1961, Drainage basins, channels, and flow characteristics of selected streams in central Pennsylvania: pubs.er.usgs.gov.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Charlton, R., 2007, Fundamentals of fluvial geomorphology: Taylor &amp; Francis.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Cirrus Ecological <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1783\">Solutions<\/a>, 2009, Jordan River TMDL: Utah State Division of Water Quality.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Earle, S., 2015, Physical geology OER textbook: BC Campus OpenEd.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">EPA, 2009, Water on Tap-What You Need to Know: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Fagan, B., 2012, Elixir: A history of water and humankind: Bloomsbury Press.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Fairbridge, R.W., 1968, Yazoo rivers or streams, <i>in<\/i> Geomorphology: Springer Berlin Heidelberg Encyclopedia of Earth Science, p. 1238\u20131239.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Freeze, A.R., and Cherry, J.A., 1979, Groundwater: Prentice Hall.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Galloway, D., Jones, D.R., and Ingebritsen, S.E., 1999, Land <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_511\">subsidence<\/a> in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1182.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Galloway, W.E., Whiteaker, T.L., and Ganey-Curry, P., 2011, History of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_488\">Cenozoic<\/a> North American drainage basin evolution, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1756\">sediment<\/a> yield, and accumulation in the Gulf of Mexico <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_508\">basin<\/a>: <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1743\">Geosphere<\/a>, v. 7, no. 4, p. 938\u2013973.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Gilbert, G.K., 1890, Lake Bonneville: United States Geological Survey, 438 p.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Gleick, P.H., 1993, Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World\u2019s Fresh Water Resources: Oxford University Press.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Hadley, G., 1735, Concerning the cause of the general trade-winds: By Geo. Hadley, Esq; FRS: Philosophical Transactions, v. 39, no. 436\u2013444, p. 58\u201362.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Halvorson, S.F., and James Steenburgh, W., 1999, Climatology of lake-effect snowstorms of the Great Salt Lake: University of Utah.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Heath, R.C., 1983, Basic ground-water hydrology: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2220, 91 p.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Hobbs, W.H., and Fisk, H.N., 1947, Geological Investigation of the Alluvial Valley of the Lower Mississippi River: JSTOR.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Knudsen, T., Inkenbrandt, P., Lund, W., Lowe, M., and Bowman, S., 2014, Investigation of land <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_511\">subsidence<\/a> and earth fissures in Cedar Valley, Iron County, Utah: Utah Geological Survey Special Study 150.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Lorenz, E.N., 1955, Available potential energy and the maintenance of the general circulation: Tell\u2019Us, v. 7, no. 2, p. 157\u2013167.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Marston, R.A., Mills, J.D., Wrazien, D.R., Bassett, B., and Splinter, D.K., 2005, Effects of Jackson lake dam on the Snake River and its floodplain, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, USA: Geomorphology, v. 71, no. 1\u20132, p. 79\u201398.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Maupin, M.A., Kenny, J.F., Hutson, S.S., Lovelace, J.K., Barber, N.L., and Linsey, K.S., 2014, Estimated use of water in the United States in 2010: US Geological Survey.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Myers, W.B., and Hamilton, W., 1964, The Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of August 17, 1959: U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., v. 435, p. 51.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Oviatt, C.G., 2015, Chronology of Lake Bonneville, 30,000 to 10,000 yr B.P: Quat. Sci. Rev., v. 110, p. 166\u2013171.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Powell, J.W., 1879, Report on the lands of the arid region of the United States with a more detailed account of the land of Utah with maps: Monograph.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Reed, J.C., Love, D., and Pierce, K., 2003, Creation of the Teton landscape: a geologic chronicle of Jackson Hole and the Teton Range: pubs.er.usgs.gov.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Reese, R.S., 2014, Review of Aquifer Storage and Recovery in the Floridan Aquifer <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1742\">System<\/a> of Southern Florida:<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Schele, L., Miller, M.E., Kerr, J., Coe, M.D., and Sano, E.J., 1992, The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art: George Braziller Inc.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Seaber, P.R., Kapinos, F.P., and Knapp, G.L., 1987, Hydrologic unit maps:<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Solomon, S., 2011, Water: The Epic Struggle for Wealth, Power, and Civilization: Harper Perennial.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">T\u00f6rnqvist, T.E., Wallace, D.J., Storms, J.E.A., Wallinga, J., Van Dam, R.L., Blaauw, M., Derksen, M.S., Klerks, C.J.W., Meijneken, C., and Snijders, E.M.A., 2008, Mississippi Delta <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_511\">subsidence<\/a> primarily caused by <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_1758\">compaction<\/a> of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_888_490\">Holocene<\/a> strata: Nat. Geosci., v. 1, no. 3, p. 173\u2013176.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Turner, R.E., and Rabalais, N.N., 1991, Changes in Mississippi River water quality this century: Bioscience, v. 41, no. 3, p. 140\u2013147.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">United States Geological Survey, 1967, The Amazon: Measuring a Mighty River: United States Geological Survey O-245-247.<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2014, Cyanobacteria\/Cyanotoxins<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">U.S. Geological Survey, 2012, Snowmelt - The Water Cycle, from USGS Water-Science School<\/li>\n<li class=\"csl-entry\">Utah\/Nevada Draft Snake Valley Agreement, 2013<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'courier new', courier, monospace;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1742\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1742\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A dark liquid fossil fuel derived from petroleum.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_2450\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_2450\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_1747\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_1747\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Sands or sandstones that contain high-viscosity petroleum.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_888_491\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_888_491\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>By Tim Bertelink (Own work) [<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3AHadean.png\">via Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fermer la d\u00e9finition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":291,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-888","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":19,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/testcloneglossaryterms\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/888","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/testcloneglossaryterms\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/testcloneglossaryterms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/testcloneglossaryterms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/291"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/testcloneglossaryterms\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/888\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1803,"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/testcloneglossaryterms\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/888\/revisions\/1803"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/testcloneglossaryterms\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/19"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/testcloneglossaryterms\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/888\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/testcloneglossaryterms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=888"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/testcloneglossaryterms\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=888"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/testcloneglossaryterms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=888"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/integrations.pressbooks.network\/testcloneglossaryterms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=888"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}